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from Latin CRUX meaning CROSS
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The Crusades were a holy war over
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MiddleAges Review
Review of the Middle Ages
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| from Latin CRUX meaning CROSS | Crusades |
| The Crusades were a holy war over | Jerusalem |
| Seljuk Turks 1000’s A.D. captured Jerusalem, Palestine in Chaos, Pilgrimage dangerous, Pope _________, requested a a volunteer army to expel Turks, Knights and peasants joined | Urban II |
| All who participated were promised _________ _____________ if killed fighting in the Holy Land | eternal salvation |
| First crusade heightened hatred of non Christians and was onset of long period of persecution of the ______- CRUSADE BEGAN 1096 A.D. | Jews |
| Three armies marched from Europe to Jerusalem and laid seige to the city, the armies massacred the inhabitants of Jerusalem, the ________ and the Jews | muslims |
| The third crusade was known as the crusade of the _________ | kings |
| The fighting in the third crusade lasted three years. The battles ended in a stalemate. Richard I asked the Muslim leader _________ to return the city to the Christians | Saladin |
| The effects of the Crusades were two fold, 1) it helped to speed changes in ____________ __________ and - broke down Feudalism and increased authority of kings | Western Europe |
| The _________ accelerated transformation of western Europe from crude, backward and violent society to civilization where towns grew, trade expanded and learning and Arts thrived | Crusades |
| A common medium of exchange was needed and a ______ _______developed | Money economy |
| The money economy generated the growth of banking, carried different currencies, different values, money changers were often _________ or ________ | Italian or Jewish |
| The word ________ comes from word banca or bench set up by moneychangers | Bank |
| between 1000 and 1100 A.D. towns grew tremendously, - almost NO SANITATION, constant stench of garbage and sewage in streets causing spread of _________ | diseases |
| The worst plague was ____ _________ ______ 1348 to 1350 A.D. killed 1/3 of the population called THE BLACK DEATH | THE BUBONIC PLAGUE |
| - 1100’S A.D. merchants and artisans organized themselves into business associations called ________ | guilds |
| artisans who owned their own shops and tools and employed less skilled artisans a helpers were called | Masters |
| The first step to become as master, worked for no pay was called an | apprentice |
| received pay but could only work under a master - was called a | journeyman |
| new class of people, those who no longer had to rely of the land to make their livin | Middle class |
| Middle class were called burgher in Germany, Bourgeoisie in France and ____________ in England | Burgesses |
| documents that gave them the right to control their own affairs | charters |
| early middle ages most illiterate, education controlled by the clergy,towns grew and need for educated officials simulated a new interest in learning, universities were formed, books scarce, teacher read text and discussed, students took ____- | NOTES |
| Students at the Universities studied Roman Law, works of Aristotle and Muslim writings and developed a system called _____________ | scholasticism |
| This emphasized reason as well as faith in the interpretation of Christian doctrine | scholasticism |
| important scholastic thinker was ____________ who wrote Summa Theologica, | St. Thomas Aquinas |
| songs and epics of middle ages written down first time, _____________ composed lyric poems and songs about love and the feats of the knights | troubadors |
| ________________ the language of everyday speech | vernacular |
| Medieval painters attention to much smaller art form, the _______________ __________ miniature masterpieces enduring to today | Illuminated Manuscripts |
| 1337 to 1453 A.D. England and France fought a series of conflicts known as the _____________ ______ ____, Began when Edward III England laid claim to the French Crown | Hundred Years War |
| Major Battles in the Hundred Years War, Crecy 1346 & Agincourt 1415, were successful due to their weapons, the ___________ | Firearm forerunner of cannon and the longbow |
| A famous maiden fought during these series of wars and she inspired a victory at Orleans a town under siege by the English, her name was | Joan of Arc |
| France suffered more than England as a result of these wars because most _________ occurred on _______ ______ | fighting, French soil |
| This weapon made feudal warfare of castles and knights outdated | The longbow |
| during the hundred years war the English monarchy’s power became limited by this government body | Parliament |
| The war in England that increased Parliaments power was called the war of the _______ | Roses |
| In the late 1400’s Spain emerged as a leading European power, before the Crusades Spain Christian rulers were fighting for the re-conquest of _______ areas in Spain | Muslim |
| by 1250 A.D there were three Realms in Spain, Castille, ________ and Granada | Aragon |
| - 1469 A.D Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile married, Castille and Aragon their kingdoms maintained separate governments but their arnies joined and forced the Moors (Muslims) out of ________ | Granada |
| afterward the Muslims wee forced from Spain religious toleration was ended, Convert or leave Spain, this began to to enforce Catholic teaching in Spain | The Spanish Inquisition |
| - The upheavals of Late Middle Ages caused by warfare, the plague and religious controversy, - people turned to the ________ for comfort and reassurance, | Church |
| 1300’s A.D. papacy came under influence of the French Monarchy, French Archbishop elected Pope Clement V who moved the papacy from Rome to _________ to escape Civil Wars | Avignon |
| Papacy remained in Avignon until 1377 A.D.This was known as The ___________ _________ after Jewish exile of 500’s B.C. | Babylonian Captivity |
| 1377 A.D. Pope Gregory XI left Avignon and returned to Rome, he died and roman mobs forced the College of Cardinals to elect an -________ as pope | Italian |
| Cardinals later declared election invalid, claimed they voted under pressure, The cardinals elected a second pope who settled in Avignon, when the Italian pope refused to resign Church now had two popes, this is known as the | Great Schism |
| another council at Constance Germany, forced resignation of all three popes and elected Pope _______ ending the Schism | Martin V |
| church authority weakened by dislike of abuses within the church, clergy used unpopular means to raise money, charged for almost any service the church performed, _____ _____ - popular preacher and professor University of Prague was called to Rome | Jan Hus |
| Jan Hus was promised safe passage to the Council of Constance to defend his views, the guarantee was ignored and he was ____________________ and became a martyr | burned at the stake |
| The practice of secular or lay rulers choosing nominees to church offices and giving them the symbols of their office was called | Lay Investiture |
| estates with peasants | Fiefs |
| a noble who served a lord of the next higher rank | vassal |
| ties between a lord and vassal were made official in a solemn ceremony known as | Homage |
| fortified Manor house for defense against enemies is called a | castle |
| a nobleman total authority within his fief is called a | Lord |
| a noblewoman is known as a | Lady |
| mock battles between knights, showing military skills were called | tournaments |
| to become a Knight training began at 7 as a ________ or assistant in house of Lord | page |
| at age 15 a page became a _______ assisted a knight and practiced using weapons | Squire |
| This code called for bravery in battle, fight fairly, keep promises, defend the Church treat women of noble birth with courteous manner | chivalry |
| Chivalry became the basis for ______ _________in western society | good manners |
| The wealth of the Lord came from the __________ who lived and worked the Lord's lands | peasants |
| agricultural system provided Lords and peasants with food, shelter and protection | Manorialism |
| describes political relationships between nobles | Feudalism |
| describes economic ties between nobles and peasants | manorialism |
| people who were bound to the manor and could not leave without permission but they were not slaves could not be sold | Serfs |
| Agricultural improvements during the feudal era included a new and heavier PLOW and a new method of planting called the | three field system |
| To leave one field fallow means that the field is ______ or not used for planting | idle |
| The _________ __________lacked freedom but it did offer a stable and secure way of life during an uncertain and violent time | Manorial system |
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