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Life of a cell
Question | Answer |
---|---|
During the cleavage of cells, the early zygote transforms into a mass of undifferentiated cells. What happens here? (think DNA rep n mitosis) | Rapid DNA replication and mitosis, but no growth! |
The early mass of undifferentiated cells is called a ___ | Blastocyst |
what are the individual cells of the undifferentiated mass of cells called? | Blastomeres |
The blastula contains a fluid filled cavity. What is this called? | blastocoel |
What are the three layers of the gastrula? | Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm |
The opening left by the invagination to form the gastrula is called the ____ | Blastopore |
What does the endoderm form in to? | Internal organs associated with GI, respiratory, excretory and reproductive tracts |
What does the mesoderm form into? | Lymphatic, Circulatory |
What does the ectoderm form in to? | Skin, Nervous systems |
What does the notochord signal the ectoderm to do? | Form a thick and flat neural plate |
What becomes the CNS and what becomes the PNS in neurulation? | Neural tube becomes CNS, neural crest becomes PNS |
What is a stem cell? | Unspecialised cell, capable of self renewal and giving rise to various differentiated cell types |
Pluripotent stem cells | Can differentiate into any cell type |
Totipotent stem cells | Differentiate into all cell types including placenta |
Multi potent stem cells | Can differentiate only into certain cell types (e.g haematopoetic stem cells) |
What derm layer do multipotent stem cells come from? | Mesoderm |
What are the two main proteins involved in the cell cycle control? | Cyclin, and cyclin dependent kinase |
What is apoptosis? | Programmed cell death |
What is apoptosis activated by? | Capsases |
What is necrosis? | Uncontrolled cell death |
What causes necrosis? | Burns, chemicals, infections, etc. |
Suppression of what gene will suppress apoptosis? | BCL2 |
what do mitogens do? | stimulate mitosis |
What are the four common phases of histological techniques? | Fixation, Dehydration, Clearing, Embedding |