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Biology Terms
Cell parts/transport, Eco 1&2, Intro to Bio, Mitosis, Meiosis, Heredity
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Prokaryote | These cells do not contain a nucleus. Example- bacteria |
| Eukaryote | These types of cells have a nucleus. Example- plant, animal |
| Nucleus | The control center of the cell, where DNA is housed. |
| Ribosome | Organelle that is the site of protein synthesis. |
| Cell membrane | The semi-permeable boundary found in all cells that regulates what enters and leaves the cell. |
| Cell wall | Found only in plant cells, helps protect and support the cell. |
| Vacuole | Storage containers for food and water. One large on in plants, many small ones in animals. |
| Cytoplasm | Made mostly of water, gelatinous substance that the organelles of the cell are found in. |
| Chloroplast | Found only in plant cells, site of photosynthesis. |
| Golgi body | This organelle modifies, packages, and sorts proteins. |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | Organelle sometimes covered with ribosomes, sometimes not. Act as a tunnel transport system through the cytoplasm. |
| Mitochondria | Organelle where cellular respiration takes place. (Turning sugar into energy.) |
| Lysosome | Small saclike structures filled with digestive enzymes, help clean up the cell. |
| Cilia/Flagella | Hair like projections that help with movement |
| Cell | The basic unit of life |
| Organelle | A specialized cell structure that carries out specific functions |
| Genetics | study of genes or heredity |
| Inheritance (heredity) | how traits, or characteristics, are passed on from generation to generation. |
| Gregor Mendel | The Father of Genetics |
| allele | an alternative form of a single gene passed from generation to generation |
| Dominant | The gene that is usually "shown" |
| Recessive | the gene that is usually masked or covered up |
| Homozygous | organism has two of the same alleles for a specific trait. |
| Heterozygous | the organism has different alleles for a specific trait |
| Phenotype | The observable trait is called the |
| Genotype | the set of genes in our DNA which is responsible for a particular trait |
| Phenotype | The observable trait is called the |
| Law of Segregation | the two alleles for each trait separate during meiosis |
| true-breeding | "pure bred" a homozygous organism |
| hybrid | heterozygous organism |
| Monohybrid | crossing parents with different alleles for a single trait |
| Dihybrid | crossing parents with different alleles for two or more traits in the same plant |
| Law of Independent Assortment | A random distribution of alleles occurring during gamete formation |
| Punnett squares | show how crosses are made and can calculate the probability of a trait that is passed on. |
| Pedigrees | diagrams that trace the inheritance of a particular trait through several generations. |
| Simple Dominance | a hetrozygous gene's dominant allele hides the trait of the recessive allele |
| Incomplete Dominance | a hetrozygous gene's dominant allele and recessive allele have a "in between" phenotype. |
| Codominance | both alleles are expressed in the heterozygous condition. |
| Carrying Capacity | The maximum number of individuals of a particular species that an environment can support |
| Extinction | The entire disappearance of a species |
| Emmigration | The movement of organisms out of an area |
| Immigration | The movement of organisms into an area |
| Habitat Fragmentation | Splitting of ecosystems into peices |
| Primary Succession | Succession that occurs in an area in which no trace of a previous community is present |
| Secondary Succession | Type of succession that occurs in an area that was only partially destroyed by disturbances |
| Limiting Factor | Factor that causes population growth to decrease |
| Ecological Succession | Series of gradual changes that occur in a community following a disturbance |
| Biodiversity | The variety of organisms in the biosphere |
| Introduced Species | A species that is not native to an area |
| Ecosystem | All of the living and nonliving things in an area. |
| Community | All the living things in an area. |
| Population | A group of the same species in the same place. |
| Organism | A single living thing. Example- Fox |
| Mutualism | A close relationship where both species benefit. |
| Commensalism | A close relationship where one organism benefits and the other is not affected. |
| Parasitism | A close relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed. |
| Predation | One organism is fed the other is dead. |
| Competitive Exclusion Principle | states no two species can occupy the same niche at the same time. |
| Niche | The job an organism has within an ecosystem, along with what it eats and what eats it |
| Abiotic | Nonliving factors |
| Biotic | Living factors. |
| Food Chain | Shows the flow of energy in an ecosystem. |
| Food Web | A series of connected food chains. |
| Symbiosis | A close relationship between two organisms. |
| Osmosis | The movement of water from an area of high concentration to low. |
| Diffusion | The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low. |
| Hypertonic | Concentration of dissolved substances is higher on the outside of the cell. |
| Hypotonic | Concentration of dissolved substances is lower on the outside of the cell. |
| Isotonic | Concentration of dissolved substances is the same on the inside and outside of the cell. |
| Passive Transport | The movements of materials across the cell membrane without the use of energy. |
| Active Transport | The movement of materials across the cell membrane with the use of energy. |
| Facilitated Diffusion | The movement of materials from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the help of transport proteins. |
| Endocytosis | Active transport, engulfing material into the cell. |
| Exocytosis | Active transport of materials out of the cell. |
| Equilibrium | Continuous movement of particles but no overall change in concentration of materials |
| Semi-Permeable | Allows some substances in and out of the cell but not others. |
| Solvent | Substance in which another substance is dissolved |
| Solute | Substance dissolved in a solvent |
| Question | How does ________________ effect ________________ |
| Hypothesis | Possible explanation for a set of observations or possible answer to a scientific question. An "If then statement" If ________________ then _________________ |
| Procedure | somewhat detailed, step - by - step description of how you conducted your experiment. # number of steps |
| Data | The data are the values written down as the experiment progresses |
| Graph | A nice and neat way of organizing Data |
| Quantitative Data | Deals with numbers, Data which can be measured, Length, height, area, volume, weight, speed, time, temperature, humidity, sound levels, cost, members, ages, etc. |
| Qualitative Data | Deals with descriptions. Data can be observed but not measured. Colors, textures, smells, tastes, appearance, beauty, etc. |
| Human Error | Errors made by humans in a particular experiment. |
| Independent variable | elements of an experiment that will change |
| Dependent variable | Elements of an experiment that will not change. Also called controlled variable. |
| Cell Cycle | The life cycle of a cell,a series of events that take place from one cell division to the next |
| Chromosome | Structure in the nucleus that contains hereditary material DNA |
| Mitosis | The process our body cells use to divide the nucleus divides to form two identical nuclei |
| Interphase | Period of growth and development before cell division. When chromosomes are duplicated |
| Prophase | chromatin condenses into chromosomes, nuclear envelope disappears, spindle fibers start to form |
| Metaphase | chromosomes, chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell |
| Anaphase | The sister chromatid separate into individual chromosomes and are moved apart |
| Telophase | chromosomes return to chromatin; nuclear membranes form; cleavage begins |
| Cytokinesis | Division of the cytoplasm following mitosis and the forming of two new cells |
| Centromere | area connecting sister chromatids |
| Sister Chromatid | When a chromosome is duplicated the two identical parts are know as these |
| Cancer | Uncontrolled cell division |
| Asexual Reproduction | Type of reproduction where a new exact copy of one parent organism is formed |
| Stem Cell | Biological cells found in all multicellular organisms, that can divide (through mitosis) and differentiate into diverse specialized cell types and can self-renew to produce more stem cells. |
| meiosis | a process of cell division that allows organisms to reproduce |
| haploid cells | cells that contain only one set of chromosomes |
| diploid cells | cells than contain two sets of chromosomes, each set from each parent |
| zygote | a female germ cell that has been fertilized by a male germ cell and inherits one set of chromosomes from each parent |
| gametes | sex cells; including sperm and eggs |
| homologous chromosomes | two chromosomes that are paired and have information about the same trait |
| somatic cells | all cells besides egg or sperm cells |
| tetrad | a four-strand group of chromosomes joined at a point |
| crossing-over | an exchange of genetic material between two chromatids |
Created by:
Curt
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