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Plant Test 3
A
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Flower function | Reproduction |
| Androecium | All the stamens |
| Gynoecium | All the pistils |
| Corolla | All the petals |
| Calyx | All the sepals |
| Perianth | All sepals and petals |
| Peduncle | Stalk of simple flower or inflorescence |
| Receptacle | Inflated tip of peduncle where flower parts attach |
| Filament | Tube of the stamen that attaches it to the receptacle |
| Anther | Inflated tip of stamen held up by a filament |
| Parts of stamen | Filament and anther |
| Parts of pistil | Ovary, stigma, and style |
| Pistil | Carpel |
| Stigma | Inflated tip of the style |
| Ovary | Contains ovule which contains megagametophytes |
| What develops into the seed | Ovule |
| What develops into the fruit | Ovary |
| What did all flower parts evolve from | modified leaves |
| Primitive characteristics | Solitary, complete, perfect, large and showy, many and indefinite parts, perianth parts alike, separate parts, superior ovary, actinomorphic |
| Derived characteristics | Inflorescence, incomplete, imperfect, small flowers, few and definite parts, perianth parts distinct, fused flower parts, inferior ovary, zygomorphic |
| Complete | All whorls present |
| Incomplete | One or more whorls missing |
| Solitary | Single flower on a peduncle |
| Inflorescence | Flowers clustered into an aggregation |
| Perfect | Flower has both male and female parts |
| Imperfect | Flower either male or female |
| Monoecious | Male and female flowers on same plant |
| Dioecious | Male and female flowers on separate plants |
| Actinomorphic | Radial symmetry |
| Zygomorphic | Bilateral symmetry |
| Sepal function | Protection, attract pollinators |
| What are sepals evolved from | Leaves; three or more vascular traces |
| How to tell what a flower part evolved from | Number of vascular traces |
| Three things petals evolved from | Leaves, sepals, or stamens that have lost their sporangia |
| Petal function | Attract pollinators |
| Primitive stamens | Broad, colored, scented, involved in pollination |
| What plants have primitive stamens | Magnoliids |
| What plants have advanced stamens | Eudicots |
| Advanced stamens | Anther and filament |
| Evolution of stamen | Sporangia on lower surface of leaf, leaf blade reduced and sporangia fuse, become 4 pollen sacs on end of filament |
| What are filaments fused to in some plants | Other filaments or petals |
| Pistil | All carpels together |
| Carpel | Megasporophyll, basal ovary |
| Primitive carpels | Leaf-like, free from each other instead of fused, no specialized stigma |
| How did pistils evolve from leaves | False indusium |
| Corona | Fifth organ present in daffodils |
| Hypogynous | Superior ovary, other whorls attached below ovary |
| Most common ovary position | Hypogynous |
| Epigynous | Inferior ovary inside receptacle, other whorls attached above ovary |
| Perigynous | Superior ovary with hypanthium, other whorls attached below ovary and hypanthium |
| Hypanthium | Cup-like receptacle up and around the ovary |
| Simple ovary | Composed of only one carpel, one area of placentation, single locule, ovary single lobe |
| Compound ovary | Fusion of two or more carpels, more than one area of placentation, two or more locules, ovary two or more lobes, style and stigma fused |
| What fruit shows a compound ovary | Banana |
| Placenta | Part of ovary to which ovules attach |
| Placentation | Pattern of ovule attachment to placenta |
| Marginal | Ovules along suture of simple ovary |
| Parietal | Ovules on wall of compound ovary |
| Axile | Ovules around center of compound ovary on axis formed from joined septa |
| Free central | Ovules develop on central column in simple or compound ovary lacking septa |
| Apical | One or few ovules at top of simple or compound ovary |
| Basal | One or few ovules at base of simple or compound ovary |
| Sessile | Flower with no stalk |
| Pedicel | Secondary peduncle; stalk of flower in an inflorescence |
| Spike | One unbranched axis with sessile flowers |
| Catkin | Pendulous spike-like inflorescence of unisex, apetalous flowers |
| What are catkins modified for? | Wind pollination |
| Raceme | One unbranched axis and flowers with pedicels |
| Panicle | Main axis has branches which are rebranched; each stalk is a raceme |
| Corymb | Like a raceme but with pedicels all elongating to the same level to give the inflorescence a flat top |
| Umbel | All pedicels arise from a common point at the tip of the peduncle |
| Compound umbel | All peduncles arise from a common point and each bears a smaller umbel |
| Head | Many small flowers borne on a common receptacle |
| Parts of a head | Phyllaries, ray flowers, disk flowers, pappus |
| Phyllaries or involucre bracts | Modified leaves that look like sepals |
| Ray flower | Has fused petals |
| Pappus | Modified calyx that aids in dispersal by wind |
| Spikelet | Like a spike but with flowers and inflorescence subtended by specialized bracts |
| What has spikelet inflorescence | Grass flowers |
| Parts of spikelet | Glumes, lemma, palea, lodicule, feathery stigmas |
| Glumes | Specialized bracts |
| Lemma | Outer bract |
| Palea | Inner bract |
| Lodicule | Scale-like or knob-like structure at base of spikelet; remnants of perianth |
| Pollination | Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma |
| Ornithophily | Pollination by birds, primarily tropical and subtropical |
| Hydrophily | Pollination by water |
| Anemophily | Pollination by wind, flowers not showy and produce massive amounts of pollen |
| Entomophily | Pollination by insects, brightly colored showy petals and scent |
| Pollen flowers | Lots of pollen, insects feed on the pollen |
| Nectar flowers | Insects feed on nectar produced by nectaries |
| Nectar | Sugar water and dissolved minerals |
| Nectaries | Glands at base of petals and ovary on receptacle |
| Insect guides | Various means of guiding insects to nectaries such as contrasting petal colors or sets of dark stripes, streaks, or dots |
| Outcrossing | Reduce self-pollination to increase genetic variability |
| Chasmogomous | Open flower with visible pistil and anthers |
| How do perfect chasmogomous flowers promote outcrossing? | Dichotgamy |
| Dichotgamy | Stamens and carpels mature at different times |
| Protandrous | Stamens mature first |
| Protogynous | Carpel matures first |
| How do imperfect chasmogomous flowers promote outcrossing? | Having stamens and carpels on separate flowers (monoecious) or separate plants (dioecious) |
| Self-incompatability | Most members of a family can't be fertilized with their own pollen |
| Gametophytic self-incompatability | If pollen grain allele is homozygous with allele of stigma, it will germinate but will not enter (determined by pollen grain genotype) |
| Sporophytic self-incompatability | If exine is homozygous with stigma pollen grain will not germinate (determined by genetics of the pollen's parent plant) |
| Exine | Outer covering of pollen grain |
| Intine | Layer inside of exine |
| How many plants self-pollinate | More than 50% in temperate regions |
| Cleistogamous | Pollination occurs within bud at ground level |
| Advantages of self-pollination | Doesn't depend on pollinator and is well suited for specific habitats such as disturbed areas |
| Microsporogenisis | Formation of microspores within microsporangia |
| Microgametogenisis | Microspore turns into microgametophyte |
| Microgametophyte | Pollen |
| Megasporogenisis | Formation of megaspores within ovule |
| Megagametogenesis | Development of megaspore into embryo sac |
Created by:
iragland
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