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Plant Test 3
A
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Flower function | Reproduction |
Androecium | All the stamens |
Gynoecium | All the pistils |
Corolla | All the petals |
Calyx | All the sepals |
Perianth | All sepals and petals |
Peduncle | Stalk of simple flower or inflorescence |
Receptacle | Inflated tip of peduncle where flower parts attach |
Filament | Tube of the stamen that attaches it to the receptacle |
Anther | Inflated tip of stamen held up by a filament |
Parts of stamen | Filament and anther |
Parts of pistil | Ovary, stigma, and style |
Pistil | Carpel |
Stigma | Inflated tip of the style |
Ovary | Contains ovule which contains megagametophytes |
What develops into the seed | Ovule |
What develops into the fruit | Ovary |
What did all flower parts evolve from | modified leaves |
Primitive characteristics | Solitary, complete, perfect, large and showy, many and indefinite parts, perianth parts alike, separate parts, superior ovary, actinomorphic |
Derived characteristics | Inflorescence, incomplete, imperfect, small flowers, few and definite parts, perianth parts distinct, fused flower parts, inferior ovary, zygomorphic |
Complete | All whorls present |
Incomplete | One or more whorls missing |
Solitary | Single flower on a peduncle |
Inflorescence | Flowers clustered into an aggregation |
Perfect | Flower has both male and female parts |
Imperfect | Flower either male or female |
Monoecious | Male and female flowers on same plant |
Dioecious | Male and female flowers on separate plants |
Actinomorphic | Radial symmetry |
Zygomorphic | Bilateral symmetry |
Sepal function | Protection, attract pollinators |
What are sepals evolved from | Leaves; three or more vascular traces |
How to tell what a flower part evolved from | Number of vascular traces |
Three things petals evolved from | Leaves, sepals, or stamens that have lost their sporangia |
Petal function | Attract pollinators |
Primitive stamens | Broad, colored, scented, involved in pollination |
What plants have primitive stamens | Magnoliids |
What plants have advanced stamens | Eudicots |
Advanced stamens | Anther and filament |
Evolution of stamen | Sporangia on lower surface of leaf, leaf blade reduced and sporangia fuse, become 4 pollen sacs on end of filament |
What are filaments fused to in some plants | Other filaments or petals |
Pistil | All carpels together |
Carpel | Megasporophyll, basal ovary |
Primitive carpels | Leaf-like, free from each other instead of fused, no specialized stigma |
How did pistils evolve from leaves | False indusium |
Corona | Fifth organ present in daffodils |
Hypogynous | Superior ovary, other whorls attached below ovary |
Most common ovary position | Hypogynous |
Epigynous | Inferior ovary inside receptacle, other whorls attached above ovary |
Perigynous | Superior ovary with hypanthium, other whorls attached below ovary and hypanthium |
Hypanthium | Cup-like receptacle up and around the ovary |
Simple ovary | Composed of only one carpel, one area of placentation, single locule, ovary single lobe |
Compound ovary | Fusion of two or more carpels, more than one area of placentation, two or more locules, ovary two or more lobes, style and stigma fused |
What fruit shows a compound ovary | Banana |
Placenta | Part of ovary to which ovules attach |
Placentation | Pattern of ovule attachment to placenta |
Marginal | Ovules along suture of simple ovary |
Parietal | Ovules on wall of compound ovary |
Axile | Ovules around center of compound ovary on axis formed from joined septa |
Free central | Ovules develop on central column in simple or compound ovary lacking septa |
Apical | One or few ovules at top of simple or compound ovary |
Basal | One or few ovules at base of simple or compound ovary |
Sessile | Flower with no stalk |
Pedicel | Secondary peduncle; stalk of flower in an inflorescence |
Spike | One unbranched axis with sessile flowers |
Catkin | Pendulous spike-like inflorescence of unisex, apetalous flowers |
What are catkins modified for? | Wind pollination |
Raceme | One unbranched axis and flowers with pedicels |
Panicle | Main axis has branches which are rebranched; each stalk is a raceme |
Corymb | Like a raceme but with pedicels all elongating to the same level to give the inflorescence a flat top |
Umbel | All pedicels arise from a common point at the tip of the peduncle |
Compound umbel | All peduncles arise from a common point and each bears a smaller umbel |
Head | Many small flowers borne on a common receptacle |
Parts of a head | Phyllaries, ray flowers, disk flowers, pappus |
Phyllaries or involucre bracts | Modified leaves that look like sepals |
Ray flower | Has fused petals |
Pappus | Modified calyx that aids in dispersal by wind |
Spikelet | Like a spike but with flowers and inflorescence subtended by specialized bracts |
What has spikelet inflorescence | Grass flowers |
Parts of spikelet | Glumes, lemma, palea, lodicule, feathery stigmas |
Glumes | Specialized bracts |
Lemma | Outer bract |
Palea | Inner bract |
Lodicule | Scale-like or knob-like structure at base of spikelet; remnants of perianth |
Pollination | Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma |
Ornithophily | Pollination by birds, primarily tropical and subtropical |
Hydrophily | Pollination by water |
Anemophily | Pollination by wind, flowers not showy and produce massive amounts of pollen |
Entomophily | Pollination by insects, brightly colored showy petals and scent |
Pollen flowers | Lots of pollen, insects feed on the pollen |
Nectar flowers | Insects feed on nectar produced by nectaries |
Nectar | Sugar water and dissolved minerals |
Nectaries | Glands at base of petals and ovary on receptacle |
Insect guides | Various means of guiding insects to nectaries such as contrasting petal colors or sets of dark stripes, streaks, or dots |
Outcrossing | Reduce self-pollination to increase genetic variability |
Chasmogomous | Open flower with visible pistil and anthers |
How do perfect chasmogomous flowers promote outcrossing? | Dichotgamy |
Dichotgamy | Stamens and carpels mature at different times |
Protandrous | Stamens mature first |
Protogynous | Carpel matures first |
How do imperfect chasmogomous flowers promote outcrossing? | Having stamens and carpels on separate flowers (monoecious) or separate plants (dioecious) |
Self-incompatability | Most members of a family can't be fertilized with their own pollen |
Gametophytic self-incompatability | If pollen grain allele is homozygous with allele of stigma, it will germinate but will not enter (determined by pollen grain genotype) |
Sporophytic self-incompatability | If exine is homozygous with stigma pollen grain will not germinate (determined by genetics of the pollen's parent plant) |
Exine | Outer covering of pollen grain |
Intine | Layer inside of exine |
How many plants self-pollinate | More than 50% in temperate regions |
Cleistogamous | Pollination occurs within bud at ground level |
Advantages of self-pollination | Doesn't depend on pollinator and is well suited for specific habitats such as disturbed areas |
Microsporogenisis | Formation of microspores within microsporangia |
Microgametogenisis | Microspore turns into microgametophyte |
Microgametophyte | Pollen |
Megasporogenisis | Formation of megaspores within ovule |
Megagametogenesis | Development of megaspore into embryo sac |