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SbyS Behavioral Sci
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Are hallucinations common in narcolepsy patients? | Yes. Both hypnagogic (just before sleep) and hypnopompic (with awakening) are both common. |
| Define cataplexy. | Sudden collapse (falls asleep) while awake. |
| Define sleep apnea. | Person stops breathing for at least 10 seconds during sleep. |
| Distinguish between central and obstructive sleep apnea. | "In central sleep apnea, there is no respiratory effort. In Obstructive sleep apnea, there is respiratory effort against airway obstruction." |
| Does narcolepsy have a genetic component? | Yes. Studies have shown a strong genetic component of narcolepsy. |
| Does REM sleep increase or decrease with age? | Decreases |
| Extraocular movements during REM sleep are due to what portion of the brain? | Parapontine Reticular Formation/Conjugate Gaze Center |
| How often does REM sleep occur? | Every 90 minutes (duration may increase during the night) |
| Name 1 neurotransmitter change associated with Alzheimer's disease. | Decreased Ach |
| Name 1 neurotransmitter change associated with Parkinson's disease. | Decreased Dopamine |
| Name 1 neurotransmitter change associated with Schizophrenia | Increased Dopamine |
| Name 2 effects of stress on the body. | "1. Induces production of FFA, 17-OH corticosteroids, lipids, cholesterol, and catecholamines 2. Affects water reabsorption, muscular tonicity, gastrocolic reflex, and mucosal circulation." |
| Name 2 neurotransmitter changes associated with depression. | Decreased NE and serotonin (5-HT) |
| Name 2 neurotransmitter changes associated with Huntington's disease. | Decreased GABA and Ach |
| Name 3 changes in sleep stages often found in people with depression. | 1. Reduced slow-wave sleep 2. Decreased REM latency 3. Early morning awakening (important screening question) |
| Name 3 possible findings in non-REM sleep. | "Sleepwalking, night terrors, and bedwetting" |
| Name 4 physiological actions found in REM sleep. | "Increased/variable pulse, rapid eye movements, increased/variable blood pressure, and penile/clitoral tumescence" |
| Name 5 possible findings in REM sleep. | "Dreaming, loss of motor tone, possible memory processing function, erection, and increased brain 02 use" |
| Name 5 possible waveform patterns seen in the various sleep/wake stages. | "Alpha, Beta (highest frequency, lowest amplitude), Theta, Delta (lowest frequency, highest amplitude), Sleep spindles with K-complexes" |
| Name 7 functions of the frontal lobe. | "Concentration, Orientation, Language, Abstraction, Judgment, Motor regulation, Mood" |
| Name a possible chronic outcome of sleep apnea. | Chronic fatigue |
| Name five findings associated with sleep apnea. | "Obesity, loud snoring, systemic/pulmonary HTN, arrhythmias, and possibly sudden death." |
| What 3 things does the differential diagnosis for sexual dysfunction include? | "1. Drugs (e.g. antiHTN, neuroleptics, SSRIs, and ethanol) 2. Diseases (e.g. depression and diabetes) 3. Psychological (e.g. performance anxiety)" |
| What is a common treatment for narcolepsy? | Stimulants (e.g. amphetamines) |
| What is a helpful mnemonic for the order of the corresponding waveform patterns in each stage of sleep? | "At night, BATS Drink Blood." |
| What is considered the key to initiating sleep? | Serotonergic predominance of the raphe nucleus |
| What is narcolepsy? | Person falls asleep suddenly |
| What is the most notable change in function in a frontal lobe lesion? | Lack of social judgment |
| What is the principal neurotransmitter involved in REM sleep? | Ach |
| What medication shortens stage 4 sleep and can be used to treat enuresis? | Imipramine |
| What medication shortens stage 4 sleep and is useful in the treatment of night terrors and sleepwalking? | Benzodiazepines |
| What neurotransmitter can reduce REM sleep? | NE |
| What percentage of time is spent in REM sleep? | 0.25 |
| What percentage of time is spent in stage 1 sleep? | 0.05 |
| What percentage of time is spent in stage 2 sleep? | 0.45 |
| What percentage of time is spent in stage 3-4 sleep? | 0.25 |
| What phenomenon caused REM sleep to be known as 'paradoxical' or 'desynchronized' sleep? | The EEG pattern during REM sleep is the same as the EEG of a person that is awake and alert. |
| "What waveform pattern is seen in a young adult who is awake (eyes open), alert, and has active mental concentration?" | Beta waves |
| What waveform pattern is seen in a young adult who is awake but has his/her eyes closed? | Alpha waves |
| What waveform pattern is seen in a young adult who is in deeper (stage 2) sleep? | Sleep spindles and Kcomplexes |
| What waveform pattern is seen in a young adult who is in light (stage 1) sleep? | Theta waves |
| What waveform pattern is seen in a young adult who is in REM sleep? | Beta waves |
| "What waveform pattern is seen in a young adult who is in the deepest, Non-REM (stage 3-4) sleep? " | Delta waves |
| A person who is unable to remember things that occurred after a CNS insult has…? | Anterograde Amnesia |
| Anterograde amnesia caused by thiamine deficiency? | Korsakoff's amnesia |
| Are DT's life threatening? | Yes |
| Are the illness production and motivation in somatoform disorders consicous drives? | No |
| Bipolar I describes? | manic |
| Bipolar II describes? | hypomanic |
| Define a Manic episode. | "Distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood lasting at least 1 week" |
| Define a panic disorder. | Discrete period of intense fear and discomfort peaking in 10 minutes with 4/5 characteristics |
| Define Anosognosia. | being unaware that one is ill |
| Define Autotopagnosia. | Being unable to locate one's own body parts |
| Define Conversion disorder. | "symptoms suggest motor or sensory neurologic or physical disorder, but tests and PE are negative" |
| Define depersonalization. | body seems unreal or dissociated |
| Define Personality disorder | "when patterns become inflexible and maladaptive, causing impairment in social or occupational functioning or subjective distress" |
| Define Personality trait. | "an enduring pattern of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that is exhibited in a wide range of important social and personal contexts" |
| Delusions are…. | false beliefs not shared by other memebers of culture/ subculture that are firmly maintained in spite of obvious proof to the contrary |
| Describe a Paranoid Personality | distrustful and suspicious; projection is main defense mech |
| Describe a Schizoid Personality. | voluntary social withdrawl; no psychosis; limited emotional expression |
| Describe a Schizotypal Personality. | "interpersonal awkwardness, odd thought patterns and appearance" |
| Does the person who has the phobia recognize their fear as excessive? | "yes, they are exhibiting insight" |
| Does the phobic fear interfere with normal routine? | yes |
| Hallucinations are…. | perceptions in the absence of external stimuli |
| How are Cluster A personalities described? | as odd or ecentric; cannot develop meaningful social relationships; Weird |
| How are Cluster B personalities described? | "Dramatic, emotional, or erratic; Wild" |
| How are Cluster C personalities described? | "Anxious and fearful, 'Worried'" |
| How is a major depressive disorder characterized? | Recurrent-requires 2 or more depressive episodes with a symptom free interval of 2 months |
| How is a major depressive episode characterized? | "5 of the following for 2 weeks, including (1) depressed mood or (2) anhedonia: Sleep disturbances, Loss of Interest, Guilt, Loss of Energy, Loss of Concentration, Change in Appetite, Psychomotor retardation, Suicidal ideation, Depressed mood" |
| How is maladaptive pattern of substance abuse defined? | 3 or more of the above signs in 1 year |
| How is Schizophrenia described? | "periods of psychosis and disturbed behavior lasting >6months, " |
| How long does the disturbance due to PSSD last? | > 1 month and causes distress or social/ occupational impairment |
| How many criteria sets exist for bipolar disorder? | "6 separate criteria exist for bipolar disorders with combinations of manic, hypomanic, and depressed episodes" |
| How many hallucination types are there? Name them. | "7; Visual, Auditory, Olfactory, Gustatory, Tactile, Hypnagogic, Hypnopompic" |
| How many heroin addicts are there in the US? | "~500,000" |
| How would you decribe a dependent personality? | "submissive and clinging, excessive need to be taken care of, low self-confidence" |
| How would you decribe an obsessive-compulsive? | "preoccupation with order, perfectionism and control" |
| How would you describe a Borderline personality? | "unstable mood and behavior; impulsive, sense of emptiness" |
| How would you describe a histrionic personality? | "excessive emotionally, somatization, attention seeking, sexually provocative" |
| How would you describe an Antisocial? | "as having a disregard for and violation of rights of others, criminality" |
| How would you describe an avoidant personality? | "sensitive to rejection, socially inhibited, timid, feelings of inadequacy" |
| How would you desribe a Narcissistic personality? | "grandiosity; sense of entitlement, many demand 'top' physician/best health care" |
| "If a patient consciously fakes or claims to have a disorder in order to attain a specific gain, how is this behavior described?" | Malingering |
| Illusions are…. | "misinterpretation of actual external stimuli, ex. Mistaking coat rack for man" |
| In what kind of disorder does a person consciously create symptoms in order to assume a sick role and get medical attention? | Factitious Disorder |
| Is Heroin prescribable? | "NO, it is schedule I (ie. not prescribable)" |
| Is the motivation concious in Munchausen's by proxy? | NO |
| Name the 5 subtypes of schizophrenia. | "Disorganized, Catatonic, paranoid, Undifferentiated, Residual" |
| Name the types of Cluster B personalities. | "Antisocial, Borederline, Histrionic, Narcissistic" |
| To be a manic episode what characteristic behaviors must be present? | "3 or more of the following: Distractibility, Insomnia, Grandiosity, Flight of Ideas, Inc in Activity/pyschomotor agitation, Pressured Speech, Thoughtlessness" |
| Whar are the signs of barbituate withdrawl? | "Anxiety, seizures, delirium, life-threatening CV collapse" |
| Whar are the signs of nicotine withdrawl? | "Irritablility, headache, anxiety, weight gain, craving, tachycardia" |
| Whare are the 4 A's of schizophrenia? | "Ambivalence(uncertainty), Autism(self-preoccupation and lack of communication), Affect(blunted), Associations (loose)" |
| Whare are the characteristics of Dementia? | "development of mulitple cognitive deficits: memory, apahasia, apraxia, agnosia, loss of abstract thought, behavioral/personality changes, impaired judgement" |
| Whare are the signs of Benzodiazepine intox? | "Amnesia, ataxia, somnolence, minor resp depression" |
| Whare are the signs of caffeine intox? | "restlessness, insomina, increased diuresis, muscle twitching, cardiac arrhythmias" |
| Whare are the signs of Marijuana intox? | "Euphoria, anxiety, paranoid delusions, perception of slowed time, impaired jugdment, social withdrawl, increased appetite, dry mouth and hallucinations" |
| Whare are the signs of PCP intoxication? | "Belligerence, impulsiveness, fever, psychomotor agitation, vertical and horizontal nystagmus, tachycardia, ataxia, homicidality, psychosis and delirium" |
| What are 2 opioid comptetitive inhibitors? | Naloxane and Naltrexone |
| What are some common causes of delirium? | substance use/abuse or medical illness |
| What are some related diagnoses of Heroin addicts? | "Hepatitis, abscesses, OD, hemorrhoids(reason enough to shy away), AIDS, and rightsided endocarditis" |
| What are the 5 characteristics of panic? | "Palipitations, Abdominal distress, Nausea, Increased perspiration, Chest pains, chills and choking" |
| What are the 6 somatoform disorders? | "conversion, somatoform pain disorder, hypochondriasis, somatization disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, pseudocyesis" |
| What are the characteristics of Delirium? | "Decreased attention span and level of arousal, disorganized thinking, hallucinations, illusions, misperceptions, disturbance of sleep-wake cycle, cognitive dysfxn" |
| What are the etiologic factors for schizophrenia? | "genetics and environment, genetics outweigh env" |
| What are the maladaptive signs of substance use? | |
| What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia? | "flat affect, social withdrawl, thought blocking, lack of emotion" |
| What are the Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia? | "Hallucinations, delusions, strange behavior and loose associations" |
| What are the signs of alcohol use? | "Disinhibition, emotional lability, slurred speech, ataxia, coma, blackouts" |
| What are the signs of alcohole withdrawl? | "Tremor, Tachycardia, HTN, malaise, nausea, seizures, delirium tremens, tremulousness, agitation, hallucinations" |
| What are the signs of Amphetamine intoxication? | "Psychomotor agitation, impaired judgement, pupillary dilation, HTN, tachycardia, euphoria, prolonged wakefulness and attention, cardiac arrhythmias, delusions, hallucinations, fever" |
| What are the signs of Amphetamine withdrawl? | Post-use crash, including anxiety, lethargy, headache, stomach cramps, hunger, severe depression, dysphoric mood, fatigue, insomnia/ hypersomnia |
| What are the signs of Barbiutate intox? | respiratory depression |
| What are the signs of benzo withdrawl? | "Rebound anxiety, seizures, tremor, insomnia" |
| What are the signs of caffeine withdrawl? | "Headache, lethargy, depression, weight gain" |
| What are the signs of cocaine intoxication? | "Euphoria, psychomotor agitation, impaired judgment, tachycardia, pupillary dilation, HTN, hallucinations (including tactile:bugs on skin), paranoid ideations, angina, and sudden cardiac death" |
| What are the signs of cocaine withdrawl? | "Hypersomnolence, fatigue, depression, malaise, severe craving, suicidality" |
| What are the signs of LSD intoxication? | "Marked anxiety and depression, delusions, visual hallucinations and flashbacks" |
| What are the signs of narcotic abstinence syndrome? | "dilated pupils, lacrimation, rhinorrhea, sweating, yawning, irritability, and muscle aches" |
| What are the signs of opioid intoxication? | "CNS depression, nausea and vomiting, constipation, pupillary constriction, seizures" |
| What are the signs of opioid withdrawl? | "Anxiety, insomnia, anorexia, sweating/piloerection(cold turkey), fever, rhinorrhea, nausea, stomach cramps, diarrhea, flu-like symptoms, yawning" |
| What are the signs of PCP withdrawl? | "Recurrence of intoxication symptoms due to reabsorption in GI tract, sudden onset of severe, random, homicidal violence" |
| What are the symptoms of DT's(in order of appearance)? | "ANS Hyperactivity (tachycardia, tremors, and anxiety), Psychotic symptoms (hallucinations, delusions), confusion" |
| What are the symptoms of nicotine intoxication? | "Restlessness, insomnia, anxiety, arrhythmias" |
| What are the types of Cluster A personalities? | "Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal" |
| What are the types of Cluster C personalities? | "Avoidant, ObsessiveCompulsive, Dependent" |
| What are treatment options of phobias? | systematic desensitization |
| What can be confused with dementia in elderly? | depression |
| What complication result from ECT? | complications associated with anesthesia and retrograde amnesia |
| What does exposure to object of phobia evoke? | an anxiety response |
| What drug is used for long term maintenance of heroin detox? | Methadone |
| What else is classically associated with Korsakoff's? | "Confabulations, ie. Making it up as you go along" |
| What is a hallmark sign of heroin addiction? | track marks |
| What is a Hypomanic Episode? | it is like a manic episode except mood disturbance is not severe enough to cause marked impairment in social and/or occupational functioning or to necessitate hospitalization; no psychotic features |
| What is a pain somatoform disorder? | pain that is not explained completely by illness |
| What is a phobia? | "fear that is excessive or unreasonable, cued by the presence or anticipation of a specific object or entity" |
| What is a schizoaffective disorder? | a combo of schizophrenia and a mood disorder |
| What is a somatization disorder? | Varitey of complaints in multiple organ systems |
| What is Cyclothymic disorder? | milder form of bipolar lasting at least 2 years |
| What is dementia characterized by? | commonly irreversible memory loss |
| What is destroyed in Korsakoff's Amnesia? | Mamillary bodies(bilaterally) |
| What is drug of choice for bipolar? | Lithium |
| What is Dysthymia? | milder form of depression lasting at least 2 years |
| What is Electroconvulsive Therapy(ECT)? | a tx option for major depressive disorder refractory to other tx. It is painless and produces a seizure with transient memory loss and disorientation. |
| What is Hypochondriasis? | "misinterpretation of normal physical findins, leading to preoccupation with and fear of having a serious medical illness in spite of medical reassurance" |
| What is it called when a parent causes their child to become ill in order to receive attention? | Munchausen's by proxy |
| What is post-traumatic stress disorder? | when a person experienced or witnessed an event that involoved actual or threatened death or serious injury. The traumatic event is reexperienced; person persistently avoids stimuli associated with the trauma and experiences persistent symptoms of increas |
| What is primary gain? | what the symptom does for the patient's internal psychic economy |
| What is retrograde amnesia a complication of? | ECT-electroconvulsive therapy(shock) |
| What is secondary gain? | What the symptoms gets the patient(sympathy or attention) |
| What is tertiary gain? | what the caretaker gets |
| What is the criterion for dx of substance abuse? | "One or more of the following in 1 year: Recurrent use resulting in failure to complete responsiblities, recurrent use in physically hazardous situations, recurrent legal problems, continued use in spite of persistent problems of use" |
| What is the definition of substance abuse? | "maladaptive pattern of use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, symptoms have not met criteria for dependence" |
| What is the difference between delusions and loos associations? | delusion is a disorder in the content of thought(the actual idea) where a loose association is a disorder in the form of thought(the way the idea is tied together) |
| what is the fear of heights? | acrophobia |
| what is the fear of marriage? | gamophobia |
| what is the fear of open places? | agoraphobia |
| what is the fear of pain? | algophobia |
| What is the Fifth A? | Auditory hallucinations |
| What is the inability to remember things that happened before CNS insult? | Retrograde Amnesia |
| What is the key to delirium diagnosis? | Waxing and waning level of conciousness that develops rapidly |
| What is the key to dementia diagnosis? | "rule out delirium-patient is alert, no change in level of conciousness. More often gradual onset. " |
| What is the lifetime prevalence for Major Depressive Disorder in Males and Females: | "13% for males, and 21% for females" |
| What is the lifetime prevalence for schizophrenia? | "1.5%-(males/females, blacks/whites) presents earlier in men" |
| What is the most common psych illness on medical and surgical floors? | "Delirium, often reversible" |
| What is the order of loss or orientation? | "Time, place, and Person" |
| What is the response to the traumatic event? | "intense fear, helplessness or horror" |
| What is the trigger for DT's? | alcohols withdrawl |
| What patient population will you see Korsakoff's? | Alcoholics |
| What questions do you have to answer when assessing an patient's orientation? | Is the patient aware of him/ herself as a person? Does the patient know his/her name? |
| What syndrome is manifested by a chronic history of multiple hospital admissions and willingness to receive invasive procedures? | Munchausen's |
| Whate is body dysmorpic disorder? | patient is convinced that part of one's own anatomy is malformed |
| Whate is pseudocyesis? | false belief of being pregnant associated with objective signs of pregnancy |
| When are the halluinations common? | "Visual(acute organic brain syndrom), Auditory (Schizophrenia), Olfactory(aura of psychomotor epilepsy), Gustatory (rare), Tactile(DT's and Cocaine abusers), Hypnagogic(while going to sleep), Hypnopmpic(while waking from sleep)" |
| When do DT's peak? | 2-5 days after last drink |
| When must a painc disorder be dx? | in the context of the occurrence |
| "Who are more likely to be antisocial, male or female?" | male |
| "Who are more likely to be borderline, male or female?" | female |
| Who do you need to see to witness caffeine withdrawl approx every six weeks? | Blake Williams |
| Define Autonomy. | Obligation to respect pts as individuals and to honor their preferences in medical care |
| "Legally, what does informed consent require?" | "- discussion of pertinent information- obtaining the patient's agreement to the plan of care- freedom from coercion" |
| Pt autonomy vs. beneficence: when does autonomy win out? | "If pt makes an informed decision, ultimately, the pt. has the right to decide." |
| What 3 proofs are required for a sucessful malpractice civil suit for neglegence? | "- Dr. breach of duty to patient- pt. suffers harmbreach of duty causes harm Note--beyond reasonable doubt not needed, just more likely than not" |
| What are the 4 exceptions to confidentiality? | "- potential harm to others is serious- likelihood of harm is great- no alternative means exist to warn or to protect those at risk- Drs. Can take steps to prevent harm" |
| What are the 4 exceptions to informed consent? | "- pt. lacks decision-making capacity (not letally competent)implied consent in an emergencytherapeutic privelege-withholding information when disclosure would severly harm the pt or undermine informed decision-making capacitywaver--pt. waves " |
| What are the 5 signs of a pt's decision-making capacity? | "- pt. makes and communicates a choice- pt. is informed- decision remains stable over time- decision consistent w/ pt's values and goals- decision not a result of delusions or hallucinations" |
| What are the types of written advance directives? | "- LIVING WILLS--pt. directs Dr. to withhold/withdraw lifesustaining tx if the pt develops terminal disease or enters a persisitent vegative stateDURABLE POWER OF ATTORNEY-pt designates a surrohate to make medical decisions in an event pt. loses deci" |
| What is beneficence? | Dr. have special ethical responsibility to act in the pt's best interest. Pt. autonomy may conflict with beneficience |
| What is confidentiality? | Confidentiality respects pt. privacy and autonomy. Disclosure to family and friends should be guided by what pt. would want. Pt can waive right to confidentiality (i.e. to insurance co.) |
| What is nonmaleficence? | "Do no harm. But, if benefits of intervention outweigh risks, pt may make an informed decision to proceed." |
| What must patients understand in informed consent? | "- risks- benefitsalternatives, which includes no intervention" |
| When is an oral directive valid? | "Incapacitated patient's prior oral statements commonly used as guide, but problems arise from variance in interpretation. if pt was INFORMED, directive is SPECIFIC, pt. MAKES A CHOICE and decision is REPEATED over time, the oral directive is more valid." |
| At what ages does sexual abuse in children peak? | 9 to 12 years of age |
| At what time (minutes after birth) do you run an APGAR score? | "after 1 min. and 5 min., score 0-2 in 5 categories (10 is perfect score)" |
| Define low birth weight | less than 2500g |
| Irreversible changes of long term deprivation of affection occurs after how long? | 6 months |
| Physical abuse in children leads to how many deaths in the U.S.? | ~3000 deaths/yr. |
| What are evidence of physical abuse in children? | "- healed fractures on x-raycigarette burns- subdural hematomas- multiple bruises- retinal hemorrhage or detachment" |
| What are evidence of sexual abuse in children? | "genital/anal trauma, STDs, UTIs" |
| What are the 5 changes in the elderly? | "1. sexual changes: sexual interest does NOT decrease (men: slower erection/ejaculation, longer refractory period; women: vaginal shortening, thinning, dryness) 2. sleep patterns: decreased REM, decreased slowwave sleep, increased sleep latency, increase" |
| What are the 5 components of the APGAR score at birth? | "- A= Apperance (color)- P= Pulse- G= Grimace (reflex irritability)- A= Activity (muscle tone)- R= Respiration" |
| What are the 7 effects of long-term deprivation of affection? | "1. Weak 2. Wordless 3. Wanting (socially) 4. Wary (lack trust) 5. Weight loss 6. anaclitic depression 7. physical illness [Hint: 5 W's and 2 more]" |
| What are the development milestones at about 3 years old in preschool? | "- group play- rides tricyclecopies line or circle drawing" |
| What are the development milestones at about 4 years old in preschool? | "- cooperative play- simple drawings (stick figure)- hops on 1 foot" |
| What are the developmental milestones at about 12-14 months old in infancy? | |
| What are the developmental milestones at about 15 months old in infancy? | "- walking- few wordsseparation anxiety" |
| What are the developmental milestones at about 3 months old in an infant? | "- holds head up- social smile- Moro reflex disappears" |
| What are the developmental milestones at about 4-5 months old in an infant? | "- rolls on back- sits when propped" |
| What are the developmental milestones at about 7-9 months old in infancy? | "- stranger anxiety- sits alone- orients to voice" |
| What are the developmental milestones during adolescence? | "- abstract reasoning (formal operations)- formation of personality" |
| What are the developmental milestones during the schoolage years (6-11y/o)? | "- development of conscience (superego)- same-sex friends- identification with same-sex parent" |
| What are the Kubler-Ross dying stages? | "Denial-Anger-BarganingGrieving-Acceptance, don't occur necessarily in this order [Hint: Death Arrives Brining Grave Adjustments]" |
| What are the risks of low birth weight? | "assoc. w/ gtr. Incidence of physical and emotional problems. Complications include:- infectionsrespiratory distress syndrome- necrotizing entercolitis- persistent fetal circulation" |
| What can cause regression to younger behavior in children? | "Stress:- physical illnesspunishment- birth of new sibling- tiredness" |
| What causes low birth weight? | prematurity or intrauterine growth retardation |
| What is anaclitic depression? | depression in an infant owing to continued separation from caregiver--can result in failure to thrive. Infant becomes withdrawn and unresponsive |
| What is grief? | "normal bereavement characterized by shock, denial, guilt, and somatic symptoms, Typically lasts 6mo. to 1yr." |
| What is pathologic grief? | "includes excessively intense or prolonged grief or grief that's delayed, inhibited, or denied" |
| What is the result of severe long-term deprivation of affection? | death |
| When can a child parallel play? | "Toddler, 24-48 months old" |
| When does a child achieve core gender identity? | "Toddler, 24-36 months old" |
| When does a child achieve object permanence? | "Toddler, 12-24 months old" |
| When does a child achieve rapprochement? | "Toddler, 18-24 months old" |
| When does a child become toilet trained? | "Preschool, 30-36 months old" |
| When is adolescence for boys and for girls? | "Boys: 13 years old Girls: 11 years old" |
| Who is usually the abuser in physical abuse in children? | female primary caregiver |
| Who is usually the abuser in sexual abuse in children? | "known to victim, usually male" |
| Case-control studies are often? | Retrospective (case control) |
| Characteristics of a normal statistical distribution? | Gaussian = Bell Shaped ( mean=median=mode ) |
| Country with highest divorce rate | U.S. |
| Define a bimodal distribution | Peaks on either side of the median |
| Define a Meta-analysis | Pooling data from several studies to achieve greater statistical power |
| Define a negative skew | Asymmetry with the tail on the left (mean<median<mode) |
| Define a positive skew | Asymmetry with the tail on the right (mean>median>mode) |
| Define Accuracy | The trueness of test measurements |
| Define Alternate Hypothesis | Hypothesis that there is some difference |
| Define Coefficient of Determination | r^2 (Correlation coefficient squared) |
| Define Correlation coefficient (r ) | Always between -1 and 1. Absolute value indicates the strength of correlation. |
| Define Negative Predictive Value | Number of true negatives / number that tested neg. for disease |
| Define Positive Predictive Value | "Number of true positives / number that tested pos. for disease or the prob. Of having a condition, given a pos. test" |
| Define Precision | "The consistency of a test (reliability), absence of random error" |
| Define Primary Disease Prevention | "Prevent occurrence, e.g., vaccination" |
| Define Relative Risk | Disease risk in exposed group / disease risk in unexposed group; a/a+b / c/ c+d |
| Define Reliability | Reproducibility of a test; repeat measurements are the same |
| Define Secondary Disease Prevention | "Early detection of disease, e.g., Pap smear" |
| Define SEM | Standard Error of the Mean; standard deviation / square root of n (sample size) |
| Define sensitivity | Number of true positives / all people with disease |
| Define specificity | Number of true negatives / number of all people w/o the disease |
| Define Tertiary Disease Prevention | "Reduce disability form disease, e.g. insulin for diabetics" |
| Define the Power of a study | Probability of rejecting a null hypothesis when it is false |
| Define Validity | Whether a test truly measures what it purports to measure; the appropriateness of a test |
| Do divorcees remarry frequently? | Yes |
| How do disease prevalence and positive predictive value relate? | Higher prevalence = Higher Positive Predictive Value |
| How do prevalence and incidence relate to disease length? | P>I for chronic diseases; P=I for acute diseases |
| How do SEM and Standard Deviation relate? | "SD > SEM; as n increases, SEM decreases" |
| How do you measure the 'power' of a study or the probability that the study will see a difference if one exists? | 1-beta |
| How does alpha relate to the Type I error? | "It is the probability of making a Type I error, is equal to p (p is usually <.05)" |
| How does beta relate to the Type II error? | Beta is the probability of making a Type II error |
| How many people >65 | "35,000,000 (approx. 13%)" |
| "If the 95% confidence interval for OR of RR includes 1, what does this mean?" | That the study is inconclusive |
| In what age group will the greatest population increase be seen in? | Those >85 |
| Increasing sample size will affect the Power of a study how? | By increasing the Power |
| Is divorce related to industrialization? | No |
| Is HIV positivity a reportable disease? | No |
| Marriages at high risk | "Teenage marriages, Mixed religions, Low socioeconomic status" |
| Memory aid for Medicare/ Medicaid | MedicarE=Elderly; MedicaiD=Destitute |
| Preventive services needed for Alcoholism | "Influenza, pneumococcal immunizations; TB test" |
| Preventive services needed for Diabetes | "Eye, foot exams; Urine test" |
| Preventive services needed for Drug Abuse | "HIV, TB tests; hepatitis immunization" |
| Preventive services needed for High-risk sexual behavior | "HIV, Hep B, syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia tests" |
| "Preventive services needed for Homeless, Refugee, or Immigrant" | TB test |
| Preventive services needed for Obesity | Blood glucose test |
| Random error yields poor? | Precision |
| Relative Risk is used for what kind of study? | Cohort |
| Systematic error yields poor? | Accuracy |
| U.S. population in 2000 | "300,000,000" |
| "Unlike specificity and sensitivity, what are predictive values dependent on?" | Prevalence of disease in the population |
| What are risk factors for suicide? | "White, male, alone, prior attempts, presence and lethality of plan, medical illness, alcohol or drug use, on 3 or more prescription meds." |
| What are the leading causes of death in AGE 1-14? | "Injuries, cancer, congenital anomalies, homicide, heart disease" |
| What are the leading causes of death in AGE 15-24? | "Injuries, homicide, suicide, cancer, heart disease" |
| What are the leading causes of death in AGE 25-64? | "Cancer, heart disease, injuries, stroke, suicide" |
| What are the leading causes of death in AGE 65+? | "Heart disease, cancer, stroke, COPD, pneumonia" |
| What are the leading causes of death in INFANTS? | "Congenital anomalies, SIDS, short gestation, respiratory distress syndrome, maternal complications during pregnancy" |
| What are the most common surgeries? | "Dilation and curettage, hysterectomy, tonsillectomy, sterilization, hernia repair, oophorectomy, cesarean section, cholecystectomy" |
| What are the reportable diseases? | "AIDS, chickenpox, gonorrhea, hepatitis A and B, measles, mumps, rubella, salmonella, shigella, syphilis, and tuberculosis" |
| What does a t-test check? | The difference between two means (Mr. T is mean) |
| What does an ANOVA analyze? | Variance of 3 or more variables (Analysis of Variance) |
| What does SAD PERSONS represent? | "Sex (male), Age, Depression, Previous attempt, Ethanol, Rational thought, Sickness, Organized plan, No spouse, Social support lacking" |
| What factors influence the Power of a study? | 1)The total |
| What is a case-control study? | Observational study. Sample chosen based on presence or absence of disease. Info collected about risk factors. |
| What is a Clinical trial? | Experimental study. Compares benefit of 2 or more treatments. |
| What is a Cohort study? | Observational study. Sample chosen based on presence or absence of Risk Factors. Subjects followed over time for disease development. (Framingham study) |
| What is a memory key for suicide risk factors? | SAD PERSONS |
| What is a Null Hypothesis? | "Hypothesis of no difference, e.g., no assoc. between disease and risk factor" |
| What is a pitfall of Metaanalysis? | Cannot overcome limitations of individual studies or bias in study selection |
| What is a Type I error (alpha)? | Stating that an effect of difference exists when one really does not |
| What is a Type II error (beta) | Stating that there is not an effect or difference when actually there is |
| What is an Odds Ratio used for? | Approximates relative risk when prevalence is not too high; OR = ad/bc |
| What is Chi-Square test used for? | To check differences between 2 or more percentages or proportions of categorical outcomes |
| What is desirable for confirmatory tests? | High specificity |
| What is desirable for screening tests? | High sensitivity is desirable for a screening test |
| What is incidence? | Number of new cases in a population per unit time |
| What is Medicaid? | Fed. And State assistance for those on welfare or who are indigent |
| What is Medicare Part A? | Hospital related |
| What is Medicare Part B? | Supplemental |
| What is Medicare? | Fed. Program for the Elderly |
| What is prevalence? | Total number of cases in a population at a given time (incidence x disease duration) |
| What is the False Negative Ratio? | 1-sensitivity |
| What is the False Positive Ratio? | 1-specificity |
| What is the highest quality study? | Clinical Trial |
| What is the p value? | The probability of making a Type I error. |
| What percent of medical costs will those >35 incur? | 0.3 |
| What type of studies are Odds Ratios used for? | Retrospective (case control) |
| When do divorces peak? | During the 2nd to 3rd year. |
| Which sex has the most surgeries? | Females |
| Are intelligence tests objective or projective tests? | Objective |
| Define acting out. | Unacceptable feelings and thoughts are expressed through actions |
| Define altruism. | Guilty feelings alleviated by unsolicited generosity toward others |
| Define classical conditioning. | Learning in which a natural response is elicited by a conditioned stimulus that previously was presented in conjunction with an unconditioned stimulus |
| Define denial. | Avoidance of awareness of some painful reality |
| Define displacement. | Process whereby avoided ideas and feelings are transferred to some neutral person or object |
| Define dissociation. | "Temporary, drastic change in personality, memory, consciousness, or motor behavior to avoid emotional stress" |
| Define ego defenses. | automatic and unconscious reactions to phychological stress |
| Define fixation. | Partially remaining at a more childish level of development |
| Define humor. | Appreciating the amusing nature of an anxietyprovoking or adverse situation |
| Define identification. | Modeling behavior after another person |
| Define isolation. | Separation of feelings from ideas and events |
| Define operant conditioning. | Learning in which a particular action is elicited because it produces a reward |
| Define projection. | An unacceptable internal impulse that is attributed to an external source |
| Define rationalization. | "Proclaiming logical reasons for actions actually performed for other reasons, usually to avoid self-blame" |
| Define reaction formation. | Process whereby a wardedoff idea or feeling is replaced by an (unconsciously derived) emphasis on its opposite |
| Define regression. | Turning back the maturational clock and going back to earlier modes of dealing with the world |
| Define repression. | Involuntary withholding of an idea or feeling from conscious awareness. |
| Define sublimation. | Process whereby one replaces an unacceptable wish with a course of action that is similar to the wish but does not conflict with one's value system. |
| Define suppression. | Voluntary (unlike other defenses) withholding of an idea of feeling from conscious awareness |
| Give an example of classical conditioning. | Pavlov's dogs (ringing of a bell provoked salivation in dogs) |
| Give an example of continuous reinforcement schedule. | A person gets upset when a vending machine doesn't work |
| Give an example of negative reinforcement of opperative conditioining. | a mouse presses a button to avoid shock (do not confuse with punishment) |
| Give an example of positive reinforcement of opperative conditioning. | a mouse presses a button to get food |
| Give an example of preconscious topography. | remembering your phone number |
| Give an example of variable ratio reinforcement schedules. | A person continuing to play a slot machine at a casino |
| Is IQ testing more highly correlated with genetics or school achievement? | School achievement |
| Name 4 characteristics of psychoanalysis. | "-costly-lengthy-intensiveplaces great demands on the patient" |
| What are Freud's three structures of the mind | "-Id-Superego-Ego" |
| What are the four factors in hopelessness? | "-Sense of Impotence (powerlessness)-Sense of Guilt-Sense of Anger-Sense of loss/Deprivation leading to depression (Mnemonic IGAD!)" |
| What are the immature ego defenses? (12) | Acting out, Disassociation, Denial, Displacement, Fixation, Identification, Isolation, Projection, Rationalization, Reaction formation, Regression, Repression |
| What are the MATURE ego defenses? (4) | "-Sublimation-AltruismSuppression-Humor (Mneumonic: Mature women wear a SASH)" |
| What are the two most famous forms of intelligence testing? | Stanford-Binet and Wechsler |
| What are two factors with which IQ scores are correlated? | Genetics and school achievement |
| What is an example of acting out? | Temper tantrums |
| What is an example of altruism? | Mafia boss makes large donation to charity |
| What is an example of denial. | A common reaction in newly diagnosed AIDS and cancer patients |
| What is an example of displacement? | Mother yells at child because she is angry at her husband |
| What is an example of dissociation? | Extreme forms can result in multiple personalities (dissociative identity disorder). |
| What is an example of fixation? | Men fixating on sports games |
| What is an example of humor? | Nervous medical student jokes about the boards |
| What is an example of identification? | Abused child becomes an abuser |
| What is an example of isolation? | Describing murder in graphic detail with no emotional response |
| What is an example of projection? | A man who wants another woman thinks his wife is cheating on him |
| What is an example of rationalization? | "Saying the job was not important anyway, after getting fired" |
| What is an example of reaction formation? | A patient with libidinous thoughts enters a monastery |
| What is an example of regression? | "Seen in children under stress (eg., bedwetting) and in patients on dialysis (eg., crying)" |
| What is an example of sublimation? | Aggressive impulses used to succeed in business ventures |
| What is an example of suppression? | Choosing not to think about the USMLE until the week of the exam |
| What is negative reinforcement? | the removal of an aversive stimulus so as to increase behavior |
| What is positive reinforcement? | the desired reward which produces an action |
| What is the basic mechanism underlying all ego defenses? | Repression |
| What is the central goal of Freudian psychoanalysis? | To make the patient aware of what is hidden in his/her unconscious |
| What is the IQ criteria for diagnosis of mental retardation? | IQ lower than 70 (or 2 standard deviations below the mean) |
| What is the topographical term used in psychoanalysis to describe what you are not aware of? | Unconscious |
| What is the topographical term used in psychoanalysis used to describe what you are able to make conscious with effort? | Preconscious |
| What is the topographical term used in psychoanalysis used to describe what you are aware of? | Conscious |
| What number is defined as the mean for standard IQ testing? | 100 (with a standard deviation of 15) |
| "What term fist described by Freud is used to refer to repressed sexual feelings of a child for the opposite-sex parent, accompanied by rivalry with same-sex parent?" | Oedipus complex |
| What term is used to describe the form of insight therapy developed by Freud which is often used for changing chronic personality problems? | Psychoanalysis |
| What thought structures is the Ego responsible for? | Bridge and mediator between the unconscious mind and the world (Think-Deals with conflict) |
| What thought structures is the Id responsible for? (3 things) | " - Primal urges-sexagression (Think-'I want it')" |
| What thought structures is the Superego responsible for? (2 things) | " - Moral values-conscience (Think-'You know you cant have it')" |
| What type of behavior requires a continuous reinforcement schedule? | behavior which shows the most rapid extinction when not rewarded |
| What type of behavior requires a variable ratio reinforcement schedule? | behavior which shows the slowest extinction when not rewarded |
| Which is the conditioned (learned) stimulus in Pavlov's experiment? | ringing bell |
| Which is the natural response in Pavlov's experiment? | salivation |
| Which is the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiment? | food |
Created by:
megankirch
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