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Chapter 6
Muscular System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force | Contractility |
| The capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus | Excitability |
| Ability to be stretched | Extensibility |
| Ability to recoil to their resting length | Elasticity |
| Connective tissue that surrounds skeletal muscle | Epimysium |
| Connective tissue located outside epimysium | Fascia |
| Numerous visible bundles found in muscle | Fasciculi |
| Loose connective tissue that surrounds fasciculi | Perimysium |
| Muscle cells | Muscle fibers |
| Connective tissue that surrounds each fiber | Endomysium |
| The cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with | Myofibrils |
| 2 major kinds of protein fibers found in myofibrils | Actin myofilament & Myosin myofilament |
| Thin myofilaments | Actin |
| Thick myofilaments | Myosin |
| Basic structural & functional unity of the muscle | Sarcomere |
| Z line to Z line | Sarcomere |
| Contains actin & is light | I band |
| Extends length of myosin & is darker | A band |
| Center of sarcomere that consists of only myosin | H zone |
| Dark staining band in center | M line |
| Outside the cell membranes is what charge? | Positive |
| Inside of cell membranes is what charge? | Negative |
| The brief reversal back of the charge is | Action potential |
| Nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers | Motor neurons |
| Neuromusclular junction | Synapse |
| Raises the eyebrow | Occipitofrontalis |
| Closes the eyelids & causes "crows feet" | Orbicularis oculi |
| Flattens the cheeks | Buccinator |
| Kissing muscles | Orbicularis oris & buccinator |
| Smiling muscle | Zygomaticus |
| Sneering | Levator labii superioris |
| Frowning | Depressor anguli oris |
| Chewing | Mastication |
| 4 pairs of chewing muscles | 2 pterygoids, temporalis, masseter |
| Changes shape of tongue | Intrinsic tongue |
| Moves the tongue | Extrinsic tongue |
| Lateral neck muscle & prime mover; rotates & abducts the head | Sternocleidomastoid |
| The space between the presynaptic terminal & postsynaptic terminal (muscle fiber) is | Synaptic cleft |
| Neurotransmitter | Acetylcholine |
| Enzyme breaks down | Acetylcholinesterase |
| Muscular system produces | Heat |
| Attaches muscle to bone | Tendons |
| Sliding of actin past myosin during contraction | Sliding filament mechanism |
| Sarcomeres shorten causes | Muscles to shorten |
| Contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes action potential in one or more muscle fibers | Muscle twitch |
| Muscle fiber will contract maximally | All-or-nothing response |
| Time between application of stimulus to motor neuron and beginning of contraction is called | Lag phase |
| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
| Needed for energy for muscle contraction | ATP |
| ATP is produced in the | Mitochondria |
| ATP cannot stock pile, so it stores another | Creatine phosphate |
| Without oxygen | Anaerobic respiration |
| With oxygen (more efficient) | Aerobic respiration |
| When ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced | Muscle fatigue |
| 2 types of muscle contractions | Isometric & Isotonic |
| Length doesn't change, tension increases Ex: holding a ball | Isometric |
| Tension is constant, length changes Ex: throwing a ball | Isotonic |
| Contract quickly & fatigue quickly; well for anaerobic | Fast-twitch fibers |
| Contract slowly & more resistant to fatigue; aerobic | Slow-twitch fibers |
| Points of attachment on each muscle | Origin & insertion |
| Most stationary end of muscle (Head) | Origin |
| End of muscle undergoing greatest movement | Insertion |
| Portion between origin & insertion | Belly |
| Bicep attaches at scaplua | Origin |
| Bicep attaches at radius | Insertion |
| Muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements | Synergists |
| Muscles work in opposition to one another | Antagonists |
| Plays major role in a group of synergists | Prime mover |
| Muscles are named according to | Location & size |
| 3 types of muscle in the body | Skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
| Union between a nerve fiber & a muscle fiber | Neuromuscular junction |
| What does the muscular system do | Permits movement of the body, maintains posture, & circulates blood throughout the body |
| Group of muscles on each side of back; responsible for keeping the back straight & body erect | Erector spinae |
| Accomplishes quiet breathing; dome-shaped muscle; aids in breathing | Diaphragm |
| Tendinous area of the abdominal wall; consists of white connective tissue | Linea alba |
| On each side of the lines alba | Rectus abdominis |
| Cross the rectus abdominis at 3 or more locations, causing a person to look segmented | Tendinous inscriptions |
| Abdominis layers of muscle from superficial to deep | External abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, & transverses abdominal muscles |
| Rotates scapula | Trapezius |
| Elevates the ribs during inspiration | External intercostals |
| Adducts & flexes the arm | Pectoralis major |
| Medially rotates, adducts, & powerfully extends the arm; "Swimmer muscles" | Latissimus dorsi |
| Most involved in breathing | External intercostals & internal intercostals |
| Attaches the humerus to the scapula & clavicle & is major abductor of upper limb | Deltoid |
| Extends the forearm | Triceps brachii (posterior) |
| Flexes the forearm | Biceps brachii (anterior) |
| Also flexes the forearm | Brachialis |
| Flexes and supinates the forearm | Brachioradialis |
| Flexes the wrist | Flexor carpi |
| Extends the wrist | Extensor carpi |
| Flexes the fingers | Flexor digitorum |
| Extends the fingers | Extensor digitorum |
| 19 hand muscles located within hand | Intrinsic hand muscles |
| Contract during forced expiration | Internal intercostals |
| Buttocks | Gluteus maximus |
| Hip muscle & common injection site | Gluteus medius |
| Extends the leg | Quadriceps femoris (anterior) |
| Flexes the thigh | Sartorius "Tailors muscle" |
| Flexes leg & extends thigh | Hamstrings (posterior) |
| Form the calf muscle; flexes foot & toes | Gastrocnemius & soleus (Calcaneal tendon) |
| Lateral muscles of leg; turns foot outward & plantar flexion | Peroneus muscles |
| 20 muscles within foot | Intrinsic foot |
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paymorrone12
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