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Spinal 3 - PCC
Spinal final exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many vertebral segments in the sacrum? Shape of the sacrum? Where is the concavity? | 1. 5+-1 2. Triangular 3. Anteriorly |
| Body of S1 is what shape? | Reniform |
| Pedicle of S1 is continuous with what? | Transverse process |
| S1 LAMINA is what shape? Forms the begining of what? | 1. Triangular 2. Sacral canal |
| Highly modified TP of sacrum is called what? Costal element forms the what? | 1. Sacral ala 2. Anterior two thirds of ala |
| True TP forms what? | Posterior one third of ala |
| Superior articular facet of S1 faces ___? T or F: mammilary processes are always present? | 1. BUM 2. F |
| Union of left and right lamina forms what? | Spinous tubercle |
| Anteriorly, bodies of the sacrum are seperated by what? | Transverse ridges |
| Ventral sacral foramina allow ___ spinal nerves to exit? | S1-S4 |
| On the lateral sacral mass: where is the costal element present? Where is the true TP present? | 1. S1-S3 2. S4 and S5 |
| Anterior protrusion of superior epiphyseal rim | Sacral promontory |
| Median sacral crest is formed by fusion of what? | Spinous tubercles of S1-S4 |
| Intermediate sacral crest formed from fusion of what? | Articular processes of S1-S5 |
| Termination of intermediate sacral crest | Sacral cornu of S5 |
| Sacral cornu is formed from what? | Inferior articular process of S5 |
| Opening between left and right sacral cornu | Sacral hiatus |
| Lateral sacral crest is located where in relation to the dorsal sacral foramina? | Lateral |
| Lateral sacral crest is formed form the fusion of what? | Transverse tubercles of S1-S5 |
| Lateral sacral crest starts with what? Ends at what? | 1. Sacral tubercle 2. Inferior sacral angle |
| Sacral tubercle which is also what? Sacral tuberosity is what? | 1. Transverse tubercles of S1 2. Transverse tubercle of S2 |
| Bony ridge found between the superior and inferior articular facets | Interarticular crest |
| Inferior articular facet of the typical ribs articulares with what? | Superior costal demi facet of that vertebrae |
| True ribs? False ribs? Floating ribs? | 1. 1-7 2. 8-12 3. 11-12 |
| Coccygeal cornu projects ___. Formed from what? | 1. Superiorily 2. Superior articular process |
| The articular facet of the costal tubercle is positioned more ___ and ___? | Inferiorly and proximally |
| The non articular surface of the costal tubercle is a site for ligamentous attachment between what? | Rib and TP of thoracic vertebrae |
| 3 functions of rib cage | 1. Protection 2. Support 3. Assists with respiration |
| Non articular surface of costal tubercle is positioned more __ and __? | Superiorly and distally |
| Superior articular facet of typical ribs articulates with the __ costal demi facet of which vertebrae? Which rib, which vertebrae? | 1. Inferior of the vertebrae above it 2. Rib 7 with T6 |
| The auricular surface on the lateral surface of the sacrum is located completely in the ___ | Costal element |
| The costal element is located on the ___ surface of the sacrum between ___. May extend to ___ | 1. Anterolateral 2. S1-S3 3. S4 |
| Looking at the lateral surface of the sacrum: The true TP extends where? | S1-S5 |
| The apex of the sacrum is made of 2 things from S5 | Vetebral body and inferior epiphyseal rim |
| Sacral canal extends form what to what? | Vetebral foramen of S1 to sacral hiatus of S5 |
| Coccyx consists of ___ fused rudimentary segements | 3-5 |
| Vertebral body of CO1 may resemble what? | Superior and inferior epiphyseal rim |
| Co2-Co5 consists only of ___ bodies | Rudimentary |
| Thoracic cage is composed of what? | Ribs, costal cartilage, septum and thoracic vertebrae |
| How many ribs? | 12 +- 1 |
| Typical ribs? Capitulum costae AKA what? | 1. 3-9 2. Head |
| Describe lumbarization of S1 | An S1 which may be seperated from S2 resulting in a squaring of vertebral body and flaring of the sacral ala |
| Collum costae AKA what? | Neck |
| The crest of the neck of the typical ribs is located where? | Superior surface |
| Structure on neck of typical ribs that contains the articular facet and a non articular surface | Tubercle |
| What does the articular facet of the tubercle of the typical ribs articulate with? | Transverse costal facet of same numbered vertebrae |
| Corpus costae AKA ___ of typical ribs has 3 components. | 1. Shaft 2. Costal angle, costal groove, costal cartilage surface |
| Rib 1: The capitulum costae holds the articular facet of capitulum. What does it articulate with? | Superior costal facets of T1 |
| Rib 1: Collum costae? | No distinctive crest |
| Rib 1: The corpus costae houses three important landmarks. | 1. Groove for subclavian artery 2. Scalene tubercle 3. Groove for subclavian vein |
| Rib 1: The corpus costae is missing two features | 1. Costal angle 2. Costal groove |
| What is the distinguisinh factor of rib 2? | Tuberosity for the serratus anterior |
| Rib 2: The tuberosity for the serratus anterior is on the __ aspect of the corpus costae | Superior |
| Rib 10: the capitulum costae is variabloe with one or two articular facets. Why? | Due to T10 gaving a full facet or demi-facet |
| Rib 10: Articular facet of ___ may be missing. Why? | 1. Tubercle 2. Due to the transverse costal facet of T10 being there or not |
| On the 11th rib, the capitulum costae has a __ articular facet? | Single |
| Rib 11: what is absent? | Collum costae and tubercle |
| Rib 11: corpus costae: What may be shallow or absent? What is absent? | 1. Costal groove 2. Costal cartilage |
| Rib 12: capitulum costae? | Singular articulating facet |
| Two ribs in which the collum costae and tubercle are absent? | 11 and 12 |
| Rib 12: corpus costae: what is missing? | 1. Costal angle 2. Costal groove 3. Costal cartilage surface |
| Located just lateral to the jugular notch | Clavicular notch |
| Notch that lies immediatly inferior and lateral to clavicular notch | Costal notch 1 |
| Notch at the inferior latreal margin of the manubrium joins with the gladiolus | Costal notch 2 |
| Angle formed by the anterior surfaces at the junction of the manubrium sterni and gladiolus | Sternal angle |
| Integumentary system is composed of what? | Skin + accessory organs |
| 4 function of skin | 1. Protective covering 2. Regulation of body temp 3. Housing cutaneous sensory receptors 4. Excretion of waste |
| What layer of skin retains inernal body heat | Subcutaneous |
| Three ways in which skin can eliminate excess body heat? | 1. Radiation 2. Evaporation 3. Convection |
| Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium | Epidermis |
| Layers of the epidermis deepes to most superficial | 1. Stratum Basale 2. Stratum Spinosum 3. Stratum Granulosum 4. Stratum Lucidum 5. Stratum Corneum |
| What is the only mitotic layer of the epidermis^ | Stratum Germinativum |
| Stratum germinativum is ___ + ____ | Stratum Basale + Stratum Spinosum |
| Structural protein which toughens and waterproofs the surface of epidermis | Keratin |
| Manufacture of keratin begins in what layer? | Stratum Spinosum |
| Layer with 20-30 layers of dead keratinized cells. | Stratum Corneum |
| Composed of CT, muscle fibers, blood vessels, hair follicles, exocrine glands and sensory nerve fibers | Dermis |
| 2 layers of the dermis | 1. Papillary layer 2. Reticular layer |
| Thin layer of loose connective tissue directly under the epidermis? | Papillary layer |
| Dermal Ridges or __ are what layer? | 1. Finger prints 2. Papillary layer |
| Dense irregular CT later that is elastic and produces stretch marks when over stretched | Reticular layer |
| Loose CT later composed of adipose tissue with no sharp boundries from the dermis? | Subcutaneous Layer |
| __% thicker adipose tissue in woman than in men | 8% |
| What produces our pinkish pigment? | Blood flow in the dermis and subcutaneous layer |
| Yellow pigment is because of what? | 1. Cartene 2. Thicker stratum corneum with more keratin |
| Having a thicker stratum corneum which gives you an increased ammount of keratin. This is primarly found in asians. What color will this produce? | Yellow |
| Produces brown pigment. What layer is it produced in? | 1. Melanin 2. Stratum Basale |
| True or false: Everyone has the same amount of melanocytes? | True |
| Small isolated patches of highly concentrated melanin? | Freckles |
| Freckles are an accumulation of what? | Melanin |
| Dark skin protects us against what? | UV radiation |
| T or F: Melanin absorbs UV radiation and prevents excessive amounts from reaching the actively dividing cells of the stratum basale and dermis? | F : Stratum geminativum |
| Presence of a thicker ___ also prevents excess UV from reaching mitotic layers | Stratum corneum |
| What cells respond when we tan? | Melanocytes |
| Production of vitamin __ is directly related to amounts of __ we get | 1. Vitamin D 2. UV exposure |
| What is more susceptible to damage from extreme cold? | Dark skin |
| Hair and hair follicles reside in the ___ and the ___ layer but are made from __ tissue. | 1. Dermal and subcutaneous layer 2. Epidermal tissue |
| Tube like structure housing the hair formed from a group of epidermal cells which invaginates down into the dermis | Hair follicle |
| Zone of actively dividing cells at the base of the hair | Bulb |
| Column of flattened, dead, keratinized cells with the follicles | Root |
| Part os the hair external to the skin surface | Shaft |
| Attachments of the errector pilli muscles | Hair follicle to the dermis |
| Where are melanocytes located in the hair? | Base of the hair bulb |
| Mixture of pigmented and unpigmented hair = what color? | Gray |
| Red hair is due to what? | Iron |
| Straight or curly hair is determined by the shape and size of what? | Hair follicle |
| Two functions of hair? | 1. Protection 2. identification |
| People of what descenbt are the hairiest? | European (hirsute) |
| East asians and amerindians are the least hairest. What is this called? | Glabrous |
| Hardened stratum corneum of the nail | Nail plate |
| Underlying the nail plate, continuous with the strutum basale and stratum spinosum | Nail bed |
| Half moon of the nail | Lunula |
| 2 functions of the nail | 1. Protection 2. Digital dexterity |
| Secretes sebum which lubricates and waterproofs hair and stratum corneum | Sebaceous glands |
| Odoriferous sweat glands (or suderiferous) that respond to emotional stress | Apocrine |
| True sweat glands found all over the body. Function are to cool down the body and excretion of bodily waste | Eccrine glands |
| Touch receptors located in the dermal papillae and functions in discriminatory touch | Meisner's corpuscles |
| Sensory nerve ending wrapped aroun the hair follicle (discriminatory touch) | Hair root plexus |
| Merkel's disks are type ___ mechanoreceptors. Speacialized epidermal cells attached to ___. Function? | 1. 1 2. Stratum basale 3. Discriminatory touch |
| Type 2 mechanoreceptors AKA ___. Location? Function? | 1. Ruffini end organs 2. Deep in the dermis 3. Non-discriminate touch |
| Lamellated corpuscles, AKA what? Location? Function? | 1. Pacinian corpuscle 2. Deep within the dermis 3. Sustained pressure |
| 2 types of neoplams | 1. Cutaneous carcinoma 2. Cutaneous melanoma |
| Caused by long term exposure to UV radiation and is malignant? Divisible into basal cells and squamous cells. | Cutaneous carcinoma |
| Due to relatively short but intense exposure to UV radiation and is highly malignant. | Cutaneous melanoma |
| Xiphoid process AKA what? | 1. Ensiform process 2. Metasternum |
| Corpus sterni or body | Gladiolus |
| Lines between the individual sternebrae | Tramsverse lines |
| Notch at the superior lateral margin of the gladiolus where the gladiolus joins with manubrium | Costal notch #2 |
| Notch at teh inferio-lateral margin of the gladiolus, where the gladiolus joins the xiphoid process | Costal notch #7 |
| "osis" means what? | Condition of |
| An abnormal posterior concavity FG flattened kyphotic curve | Lordosis |
| Flattened lordotic curve or abnormal anterior concavity | Kyphosis |
| Word that can be used in conjunction with hypolordotic | Kyphosis |
| Decreased anterior concavity | Hypokyphotic or lordosis |
| What makes up the occipitocervical zone | Occipital bone and C1 |
| C1 fuses with the occiput | Occipitalization of C1 AKA atlas assimilation |
| C7 apopears more thoracic like. May have a cervical rib? | Dosalization of C7 |
| T12 appears to have a concave superior articular facet. 12th rib may also be smaller | Lumbarization of T12 |
| Developement of a lumbar rib on L1 | Dosalization of L1 |
| L5 may be fused to S1 | Sacrilization of L5 |
| T or F: it is common to have sacrilization of L5 | true |
| Flaring of the sacral ala, hyperdeveloped transverse tubercle of sacral ala or a squaring or the vertebral body of S1 | Lumarization of S1 |
| S5 is seperate from sacrum and is fused to the coccyx | Coccygealization of S5 |
| How many vertebral segements of sacrum? Shape of sacrum? Where is the concavity? | 1. 5+-1 2. Triangular 3. Anterioly |
Created by:
LrB
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