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Embryo final - PCC
final - embryo
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Angioblast arise from what? | Splanchnic mesoderm |
| Angioblast differentiates into what? | Blood island |
| In the early prenatal period several location are utilized for the formation of blood cells. Name these 5 locations. | 1. Yolk sack 2. Body mesenchym and blodd vessels 3. Liver 4. Spleen, thymus and lymph 5. Bone marrow |
| What is the divisions of the dorsal aorta? | 1. Pair of aortic arches 2. Heart primordia |
| WHat are the three parts of the primitive vascular system? | 1. Vitelline 2. Umbilical 3. Cardinal |
| What returns blood from the yolk sac? | Vitalline |
| What brings blood form the chorion? | Umbilical |
| What returns blood from the body? | Cardinal |
| The heart development starts as two thin walled endothilial tubes...what are these called? | Endocardinal heart tubes |
| Mesenchyme around the endocardinal tubes thicken to form what? | 1. Myocardium 2. Epicardium |
| As the heart develops, it forms into 5 divisions. These are: | 1. Truncus 2. Bulbus 3. Ventricle 4. Atrium 5. Sinus |
| What shape does the heart tube take and why? | S shaped because the bulbus and ventricle grow faster than the other parts |
| At what day do heart contractions begin? | 22nd day |
| What type of circulation does the heart have once it starts beating? | Ebb and flow |
| What is the tissue growth methode? | 2 or more growing masses of tissue gowing towards each other. These devide a single chamber into 2. |
| What is the overgrowth methode? | A septum is formed to devide the chamber. The division of the chamber into 2 is not complete. |
| What is the 4th week bulge from the dorsal and ventral walls of the atrioventricular canal? | Atrioventricular septum |
| What are the four divisions of the atrial septa? | Septum primium, ostium primium and ostium secundum, oval formamen |
| Before birth, the ___ allows most of the blood entering the right atrium from the inferior vena cava to pass to the ___. | 1. Foramen ovale 2. Left atrium |
| Before birth, the foramen ovale allows most of the blood entering the right atrium from the inferior vena cava to pass to the left atrium. What is this called? | Internal shunt |
| What is the percentage of people who the septum primium and the septum secundum fuse? | 75% |
| What is the percentage of people that the septum primium and secundum do not fuse and what is this called? | 25% Probe patency of the oval foramen |
| What is the space between the free rin of the interventricular septum and the cushion septum? | Muscular interventricular septum |
| What do the cavum aorticum and cavum pulmonare divide into? | 1. Ascending aorta 2. Pulmonary trunk |
| What is ectopic cordis? | The heart protrudes through the sternal fissure |
| What is dextracardia? | When the heart is located in the right hemicardia. |
| What is situs inversus? | When your organs are on the other side of the body |
| Is atrial septal defect accompanied with other cardiac abnormalities? | Rarely |
| What is atrial septal defect? | Ranges from a small patent foramen to complete absence of the intratrial septum |
| Ventral septum defect presents a harsh ____ murmur with no ____. | 1. Systolic 2. Cyanosis |
| Where can you hear the harsh systolic murmur in VSD? | In the 3rd and 4th interspace near the left sternal border |
| What are the characteristics of tetralogy of fallot? | 1. Pulmonary stenosis 2. Ventricular septal defect 3. Overriding aorta 4. Right ventricular hypertrophy |
| How does the tetralogy of fallot differenciate from the triology of fallot? | The triology does not have an overriding aorta |
| What develops from the nervous system and the sensory epithelium of the nose, eye and ear? | Ectoderm |
| The neural plate folds to form what? | Neural groove |
| The elevated side of the neural groove become what? | Neural folds |
| When the neural folds fuse together they form what? | Neural tube |
| Ectodermal cells lying along the crest of each neural fold become what? | Neural crest cells |
| What are the three layers of the neural tube? | 1. Ependymal layer 2. Mantle layer 3. Marginal layer |
| In the adult, these cells appear to be cuboidal with numerous microvilli. | Ependymal layer |
| This layer make up the gray mater of the CNS | Mantle layer |
| What types of cells are found in the mantle layer? | 1. Large neuroblast or nerve cells 2. Smaller glioblasts or glial cells |
| This is the fibrous mesh which develops from cells that have lost their nuclei during early development. | Marginal layer |
| This makes up the white mater of the CNS | Marginal layer |
| Parts of the neural tube (6) | 1. Central canal 2. Dorsal sulcus 3. Ventral sulcus 4. Sulcus limitans 5. Roof plate 6. Floor plate |
| Nerve cells migrate into the mantle layer and become what? | Apolar Neuroblasts |
| The apolar neuroblasts differentiate into what? | Bipolar neuroblasts |
| In the spinal ganglia, the bipolar neuroblast grow and fuse at the origin or base forming what? | A T shaped structure |
| Describe the position of the cord at the third month of development of the embryo | Entire lenght of embryo |
| At 6 months, the cord location of embryo | Lies at the level of first sacral vertebrae |
| At birth, the cord is at the level of the __ or ___ lumbar vertebrae | 2nd or 3rd |
| In the adult, the cord lies at the lower end of the ___ lumbar vertebrae | 1st |
| Name the three primary brain vessicle | Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, rhombencephalon |
| What does the prosencephalon (forebrain) divide into? | Telencephalon (cerebrum) and Diencephalon |
| What does the rhombencephalon divide into? | Metencephalon (forming the pons), Cerebellum and the myelencephalon (medulla) |
| The ___ occurs in the midbrain or mesencephalon level during the 4th week | Cephalic flexure |
| The ___ appears at the junction of the myelencephalon and the spinal cord. | Cervical flexure |
| The ___ starts round the 6th week of development at the junction of the metencephalon and myelencephalon | Pontine flexure |
| The pituitary develops from what? | 1. Rathke's pouch 2. Infundibulum |
| What is another word for the anterior lobe of the hypophysis? | Adenohypophysis |
| The infundibulum gives rise to the ___ or ___ and the ___ of the hypophysis. | 1. Neurohypoppysis 2. Stalk 3. Posterior lobe |
| Open cranium with cysts, may contain the meninges | Cranium bifidum |
| Fluid in the cranial cavity, absence or reduction of the brain | Hydrocephaly |
| May show mental efficiency with periodic seizures | Agenisis of the corpus callosum |
| Single cerebrum, no division into hemispheres | Holoprosencephaly |
| Congenital malformations may occur in ____ to ___ percent of newborns. | 2 - 3 |
| 3 causes for congenital malformations | 1. Genetic and chromosomal factors 2. environment factors 3. Combo of both |
| Any agent that can produce a congenital malformation is called what? | Teratogen |
| Objective evidence of a disease | Sign |
| Subjective evidence of a disease | Symptom |
| Set of symptoms and signs which occur together | Syndrome |
| Study of the cause of a disease | Etiology |
| Critical periods in human developement Nervous system | 3rd to 7th week |
| Critical periods in human developement: Cardiac | 4th to 6th week |
| Critical periods in human developement: Ears | 4th to 8th week |
| Critical periods in human developement: eyes | 4th to 8th week |
| Critical periods in human developement: limbs | 4th to 7th week |
| Critical periods in human developement: teeth | 6th to 8th week |
| Critical periods in human developement: palate | 6th to 8th week |
| Critical periods in human developement: external genitalia | 7th to 9th week |
| Chromosomal disorders result from numerical abnormalities of the chromosomes. These numerical error occur during celle division due to what? | Nondisjunction |
| In humans, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes, which include ___ pairs of ___ and 1 pair of ___. | 1. 22 pairs of autosomes 2. Sex chromosomes |
| Normal male karyotype | 46XY |
| Normal female karyotype | 46XX |
| Trisomy 21: karyotype, Syndrome, CNS, craniofascial, Extremities and remarks | 1. 47(21)XY 2. Downs or G syndrome 3. Mental retardation 4. Palpebral fissure 5. Simiman crease, ulnar loops, axial triradius 6. Hypotonia, poor moro reflex, flat facial profile |
| Trisomy of 18: karyotype, syndromes, extremities and remarks | 1. 47(18)XX 2. Edwards syndrome or E syndrome 3. Flexion deformities of fingers, overlapping fingers, rocker bottom feet 4. only 10% survive past 1st year |
| Trisomy 13: karyotype, syndrome, CNS, Remarks | 1. 47(13-15)XY 2. Pataus syndrome or D syndrome 3. Deafness seizures, holoprosencephalie, hypotonia, deafness 4. only 20% survive past 1st year |
| Trisomy of X: Karyotype, remarks | 1. 47XXX 2. Chromatine positive with 2 barr bodies |
| Trisomy with Y: Karyotype, syndrome, growth and development, extremities, remarks | 1. 47XXY (male) 2. Klinfelters syndrome 3. tall 4. long 5. chromatin positive |
| Trisomy of Y: karyotype, syndrome, growth and development, genitalia, remarks | 1. 47XYY 2. Modified Klinfelders 3. Tall 4. Cryptorchism, hypoplastic scrotum, small penis, hypoplastic testies 5. Chromatin negative |
| Monosomy of X : karyotype, syndrome, CNS, craniofascial, genitalia, remarks | 1. 45XO (female) 2. Turner's syndrome 3. Normal to defective vision and hearing 4. Short webbed neck 5. Lack of breast development, small inverted nipple 6. Chromatin negative |
| Addition of part of 22: karyotype, syndrome, craniofascial, abdominal | 1. 46(22q+)XX 2. Cat-Eye syndrom or anal atresia syndrom 3. Inferior coloboma 4. Anal atresia, recto-vestibular fistula, recto-urethral fistula |
| Deletion of part of 5: Karyotype, syndrome, CNS, craniofascial, Remarks | 1. 46(5p-)XX 2. Cri de chat or cry of the cat syndrome 3. Scream like a cat getting pulverized when a baby 4. Microcephaly 5. Frequent survival into adulthood (more frequent in females) |
| Does the fetal blood-brain barrier offer a good amount of resistance to microorganisms? | No |
| Are infections, notably viral infection resulting fomr materanl viremia, bad for the fetus | yes. |
| When do bacterial infections usually occur in the fetus? | After the 1st trimester |
| Should a vaginal infection be taken lightly during pregnancy? | No! |
| Varicella zoster: big side effect | death of fetus |
| Hepes virus: big side effects (3) | 1. Lethal 2. circulatory failure 3. Calcification of brain |
| Influenza (3) | Abortion, premature labor, anal and esophageal atresia |
| Hep B (2) | Fetal hepatitis and prematurity |
| Rubella(5) | Congenital rebuella syndrome, growth retardation, deafness, cataracts, septal defect |
| HIV (3) | Microcephaly, skeletal defects, cardiac defect |
| Gonorrhea | Give eyedrops to the baby when born |
| Toxoplasma (3) | Abortion, growth retardation, cerebral calcification |
| Drugs for which studies have not shown a risk to the fetus | Catagory A |
| Drugs with no human studies but animal studies have no known effect | Catagory B |
| Drug studies are inadequate in both animal and humans to show effect on the fetus | Catagory C |
| Drugs can definetly cause harm but the benifits to the mother outweigh | Catagory D |
| Drugs that can cause harm to the fetus with no benifit to the mother | Catagory X |
| Morphine: effects of the fetus | Skeletal defects |
| Ethanol: what catagory? | X |
| Streotomycin: catagory and effect on fetus | 1. D 2. Auditory nerve damage, deafness |
| Tetracycline: catagory and effects on fetus | 1. D 2. Discoloration of teeth and deafness |
| Dicumarol: catagory and side effects on fetus | 1. D 2. Hemorrhage and fetal death |
| Phenobarbital: catagory and side effect | 1. D 2. Hemmorhage, vertebral defects, growth retardation |
| Isulin : catagory, side effects, trimester most likely for side effects to occur | 1. B 2. Caudal regression syndrome 3. 1st |
| Cortisones: catagory, side effects, trimester most likely for side effects to occur | 1. X 2. Cleft palate, other skeletal defect 3. All |
| Thalidomide: catagory, side effects, trimester most likely for side effects to occur | 1. D (X) 2. Phocomelia, tetralogy of Fallot 3. All |
| Cortisone: side effects on fetus | Celft palate |
| Estrogen: catagory and side effects | Adenocarcinoma of vagina |
| Oral contraceptives: catagory and side effects | 1. X 2. VACTERL Verbal defects Anal atresia Cardiovascular anomalies Tracheal-esophageal atresia Renal abonormalities Limb abnormalities |
| Influenza vacination: catagory, side effects, trimester most likely for side effects to occur | 1. C 2. Abortion 3. Early |
| Vitamin A: catagory, side effects, trimester most likely for side effects to occur | 1. X 2. Cleft palate, eye damage 3. All |
| Caffein: catagory, side effects, trimester most likely for side effects to occur | 1.B 2. Digital defect, cleft palate 3. All |
| Nicotine: catagory, side effects, trimester most likely for side effects to occur | 1. D 2. Growth retardation, low oxygen supply 3. All |
| Radiation risks for fetus 1st tri | Death |
| Radiation risks for fetus 2nd tri | Malformation of organs and such |
| Radiation risks for fetus 3rd tri | Leukemia |
Created by:
LrB
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