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Digestive System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Digestive System | Carries out digestion which is the process of breaking down food in the body into a form which can be absorbed and used or excreted |
| Mouth | Point of entry for food into the digestive system; first site of the reduction of food size; adds the first bodily fluids to the bolus; composed of the teeth and tongue |
| Saliva | Functions to moisten food |
| Hydrolysis | Decomposes food by placing water molecules between chemical bonds |
| Amylase | Enzyme in saliva which catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch into smaller carbohydrate molecules |
| Lysozyme | Enzyme in saliva which breaks down the polysaccharide walls of many kinds of bacteria thus providing protection against infection |
| Teeth | Break down larger particles of food into smaller pieces through mechanical digestion |
| Incisors | Used for cutting food |
| Canines | Used for cutting and tearing food |
| Premolars | Used for grinding food |
| Molars | Used for grinding food |
| Tongue | Muscle organ used to maneuver food within the mouth by collecting food and moving it to the back of the mouth when swallowing |
| Pharynx | Connects the mouth and esophagus; contains a flap of connective tissue which closes over the trachea when food is swallowed to prevent choking or aspiration |
| Epiglottis | Protective flap which closes over the trachea when food is swallowed |
| Esophagus | Muscular tube connecting the pharynx and the stomach; moves food from the pharynx to the stomach by a process called peristalsis |
| Peristalsis | Waves of involuntary muscle contractions moving food through a tube-shaped organ |
| Stomach | J-shaped hollow muscular organ which stores food which has been eaten |
| Chyme | Mixture of gastric juices and food |
| Cardia | (Gastroesophageal Region) entrance into the stomach |
| Fundus | Blind portion of the stomach |
| Body | Location of the gastric pits and secretory cells |
| Pylorus | Area around the pyloric sphincter leading into the small intestine |
| Mucosa | Innermost layer of the stomach which consists of epithelium and a thin layer of smooth muscle |
| Submucosa | Layer of the stomach made of fibrous connective tissue and the Meissner's plexus |
| Muscularis externa | Layer of the stomach which consists of three layers of smooth muscle |
| Serosa | Outermost layer of the stomach made up of layers of connective tissue |
| Mucus | Lubricates and protects the stomach from harsh acidic conditions |
| Hydrochloric Acid | Functions to make food in the stomach acidic and activates pepsin |
| Pepsin | Works with hydrochloric acid to break down proteins |
| Pancreas | Produces hormones which regulate blood sugars; creates enzymes which aid in the breakdown of carbohydrates |
| Liver | Produces bile which is essential for the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine; receives the nutrients which have been absorbed in the small intestine |
| Bile | Yellow-brown liquid mixture of salts and lipids which breaks down the lipids in the digestive system into a fluid mixture |
| Gallbladder | Stores bile until the body needs it for digestion |
| Small Intestine | Breaks down the chyme to absorb vitamins |
| Duodenum | Begins the small intestine and is where most chemical digestion takes place |
| Jejunum | Absorbs carbohydrates and proteins and is covered in villi |
| Villi | Small finger like projections which aid in absorption |
| Ileum | Absorbs lipids and bile and is covered in villi and microvilli |
| Large Intestine | Removes water from the chyme and houses many bacteria |
| Appendix | Tubular organ connected to the large intestine which has no known purpose |
| Cecum | Big pouch which receives waste material from the small intestine |
| Colon | Largest portion of the large intestine; extracts water from feces |
| Rectum | Acts as a temporary storage facility for feces |
| Anus | Used to expel feces from the body |
| Appendicitis | Inflammation of the appendix due to a blockage in the appendix |
| Cirrhosis | Scarring of the liver |
| Colorectal cancer | Colon cancer or bowel cancer |
| Gallstones | Crystalline bodies formed by normal or abnormal bile components |
| Hepatitis | Inflammation of the liver |
| Obesity | Condition where the natural energy reserve is increased to a point where it is associated with certain health conditions or increased mortality |
| Ulcers | Areas of the gastrointestinal tract which are acidic |
Created by:
nduke2
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