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Micro Test 2
Test 2 Ch. 6-10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The most stable environment/solution for cells exists in what type of solution? | Isotonic |
| For most microbes, environmental factors fundamentally affect the function of what structure? | Metabolic Enzymes |
| What form of oxygen is not toxic to microorganisms? | O2 |
| What term is defined as an interrelationship between two or more free-living organisms that is beneficial to both but not necessary for the survival of either | Synergism |
| What enzymes are always present in a cell at relatively constant amounts? | Constitutive enzymes |
| What is the process by which ATP is formed through a series of oxidation-reduction reactions that Occur during the final phase of respiration | Oxidative phosphorylation |
| What term is defined as a certain segment of DNA that contains the necessary code to make a Protein or RNA molecule? | Gene |
| Why is DNA replication said to be semiconservative | The products of replication are two double helices, each of which contains one parent and one daughter strand |
| The enzymes required for the formation of a peptide bond between adjoining amino acids in a proteinare supplied by what structure? | Large ribosomal subunit |
| 10. Which molecule reacts with acetyl CoA, therefore starting the TCA cycle? | Oxaloacetic acid |
| 11. What is viral- induced damage to a cell that alters its microscopic appearance | Cytopathic Effect |
| 12. What is viewed as a nearly perfect system for viral propagation? | Bird Embryos |
| 13. What type of virus has been approved by the department of Agriculture to be sprayed on livestock to prevent food infection? | Bacteriophages |
| What is the causative agent of “Mad Cow Disease”? | Prions |
| Substances required by living organisms in relatively large quanities and which play principle roles in cell structure and metabolism are known as what? | Macronutrients |
| Nitrogen is required for the production of what category of molecules? | Nucleotides |
| Which Organism is an example of a photoautotroph? | Algea |
| What Nutritional category of microorganisms plays an important part in recycling inorganic nutrients? | Chemoautotrophs |
| The principal energy- yielding reaction in animals, most protozoa and fungi and aerobic bacteria is known as what? | Aerobic resporation |
| The earth would gradually fill-up with organic material, and nutrients would not be recycled if it were not for what group of organism – | Saprobes |
| What are the characteristics of viruses? | Prokaryotes |
| What do you refer to as the combination of a viral nucleic acid plus the viral capsid? | Nucleocapsid |
| An enveloped virus may acquire its envelope from what of the host cell? | Golgi apparatus |
| What are molecules that protrude from the viral envelopes and are essential for attachment? | Spikes |
| What type of virus has a polyhedral head, a helical tail, and fibers for host cell attachment? | Bacteriophages |
| What step in the viral multiplication cycle is defined as the copying and expression of the viral genome by the host’s synthetic equipment? | Replication |
| The second step in the viral infective process? | Penetration |
| Adsorption of the bacteriophage occurs when molecule on the tail fibers bind to what component on the host cell? | Receptors |
| The membrane receptors that animal viruses typically attach to are actually what? | Glycoproteins |
| What type of organic substance are most co enzymes? | Vitamins |
| Reverse transcriptase catalyzes the formation of | DNA from an RNA template. |
| Mammalian Viruses capable of initiating tumors are called | Oncoviruses |
| The second step in the viral infective process | Penetration |
| What are bacteria eating virus? | isolated bacteriophages |
| Two life cycles of bacteriophages are | Lytic and Lysogentic |
| What is the viral structure that is composed of nucleic acid and capsid | Virus Head |
| The structural subunits that form the capsid are called | Proteins (Protomers) |
| The projections or spikes of viral envelope are made of | Peplomer (glycoprotein) |
| Which compounds enters the TCS cycle (Kreb Cycle) | Acetyl coenzymes |
| What is the limitation in the scope of host an animal virus can infect? | Host Range |
| What are the coding regions of eukaryotic mRNA molecules? | Exons |
| Along with the ssRNA nucleic acid, retroviruses also contains what enzymes within the viral capsid? | Reverse Transcriptase |
| Reverse transcriptase catalyzes the formation of | DNA from RNA |
| Binding of virus to specific molecule on host cell | Absorption- mediated by viron protiens |
| What is the fundamental unit of heredity responsible for a given trait | Gene |
| Which RNS is responsible for carrying the genetic message from the nucleus to the cytoplasm | mRNA |
| Know the “stop and start codons” during protein synthesis | AUG (start) (Stop)UAG, UAA, UGA |
| What is the genetic make-up of an induvial organism- | Genotype |
| The protein coat of a virus is called | Capsid |
| What is the chemical nature of Prions | Proteins |
| What is another term for biosynthesis | Anabolism |
| Catabolism is a form of metabolism in which________ molecules are converted into _______molecules | Large, small |
| What are the three major types of RNA | RNA, mRNA, tRNA |
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