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Plant Test 2
D
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Radicle | First structure to emerge upon germination |
| 4 functions of roots | Anchorage, absorption, conduction, storge |
| What 2 hormones are produced by roots? | Cytokinins, gibberellins |
| Secondary metabolites | Chemicals produced by plant but not needed for plant's survival; can provide protection |
| Examples of secondary metabolites | Nicotine, tannins |
| 2 types of root systems | Taproot and fibrous |
| What plants have taproot | Magnoliids and eudicots |
| Taproot | Radicle keeps growing deeper and smaller roots come off it |
| What plants have fibrous roots | Monocots |
| Fibrous roots | Radicle grows into short-lived taproot that is replaced by adventitious roots growing from hypocotyl |
| Rootcap | Produced by apical meristem and forms protective armor around it |
| Mucigel | Slime secreted to lubricate root |
| Rhizosphere | Zone of mucigel around tip of root |
| Function of rhizosphere | Prevent desiccation and feed bacteria that convert unusable nitrogen to NO3 |
| What do plants use NO3 for? | To build amino acids, proteins, and compounds like chlorophyll A and B |
| How does the lateral root get outside? | Produces an enzyme to break through cortex and epidermis |
| Columella | Directs root growth through gravitropism |
| Gravitropism | Growing in response to gravity |
| How are amyloplasts involved in gravitropism? | Detect direction of gravity so roots can grow down |
| 2 apical meristem organizations | Open and closed |
| Open | One layer of initials, not visible |
| Closed | 3 layers of initials |
| Top initial layer | Vascular |
| Middle initial layer | Ground |
| Bottom initial layer | Dermal and root cap |
| Quiescent center | Area of initials, mitotically active in early root development, no divisions in older roots |
| When does a quiescent center reactivate? | When root tip is injured |
| 3 regions of a root | Cell division, elongation, maturation |
| Root epidermis | Most 1 cell layer thick, no or poorly developed cuticle, involved in absorption |
| 4 special epidermal features | Multi-layers, velamen, root hairs, trichoblast |
| Velamen | Multiple-layered epidermis found in epaphytes like orchids |
| Root hairs | Increase surface area for absorption |
| Trichoblast | Epidermal cell that gives rise to a root hair |
| Hypodermis | Most with secondary cell walls, normally several layers, lack suberin |
| Exodermis | Primary or secondary cell wall, single layer, Casparian strip |
| Endodermis | Innermost layer of cortex surrounding vascular tissue, single layer, initially primary cell wall, Casparian strip |
| Casparian strip | Layer of suberin , osmotic barrier |
| Endodermal cells with secondary cell walls | Above root hair region, suberin lined, passage cells |
| Passage cells | Still living with no secondary cell wall, still allows lateral transport for sugar and water |
| Vascular cylinder | Inside endodermis |
| Pericylce | 1 or more layers of parenchyma cells just inside endodermis that completely surrounds the xylem and phloem |
| Xylem arches in dicots | Tetraarch and pantaarch |
| Xylem arches in monocots | Polyarch, pith |
| Origin of lateral roots | Pericycle |
| Pneumataphores | Grow against gravity to go above water for gas exchange, lots of intercellular spaces (aerenchyma) |
| Adventitious roots | Roots with origin other than pericycle |
| 2 types of adventitious roots | Aerial and prop roots |
| Aerial roots | Above ground, involved in absorption, can have suction cups on ends |
| Prop roots | Type of aerial root at base of stem, provides support |
| Where do vascular and cork cambium come from | Vascular tissue system |
| Woody perennial roots | Horizontal growth, top 6 inches of soil |
| Vertical anchoring roots | Several feet deep |
| Feeder roots | Grow up and out, small <1/16 inch diameter, replaced regularly, grow in upper layer of soil where there are more nutrients |
Created by:
iragland
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