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Plant Test 2
B
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 2 regions of a plant | Root and shoot |
| 2 parts of the shoot | Stems and leaves |
| Stem function | Raise leaves to compete for sunlight |
| 5 parts of a stem | Node, internode, axillary/lateral bud, terminal bud |
| Node | Where leaf attaches |
| Internode | Stem between nodes |
| Axillary/lateral bud | Meristem at tips of branches |
| Terminal bud | Meristem at apex of stem, if it produces a flower it ends growth of the plant |
| Phytomere | One series of a node, internode, and axillary bud |
| What two things can a lateral bud produce? | New branch or reproductive structure |
| What happens to a lateral bud if it produces a new branch? | Becomes terminal bud of that branch |
| What two types of meristems produce primary growth? | Apical and intercalary |
| What plants have intercalary meristems? | Grasses |
| Intercalary meristems | Occur away from apex and become active if apical meristem is removed |
| What are the two lateral meristems that produce secondary growth? | Vascular cambium and cork cambium |
| Cyto-Histological Concept | How gymnosperms grow |
| Tunica-Corpus Concept | How angiosperms grow |
| Who came up with Cyto-Histological Concept? | Majumdar 1942 |
| Who came up with Tunica-Corpus Concept? | Schmidt 1924 |
| What is the tunica? | Outermost layer of cells on apical meristem |
| What does the tunica do? | Divide anticlinally to produce surface growth |
| How many tunica layers do most angiosperms have? | 3; L1, L2, L3 |
| What is the corpus? | Spherical body of cells beneath tunica |
| What does the corpus do? | Divide periclinally and anticlinally to add bulk to developing stem |
| What are the 2 zones of the corpus? | Peripheral/marginal zone and central mother cell zone |
| Peripheral/marginal zone | Outer layer of corpus with lots of cell divisions |
| Central mother cell zone | Bulk of corpus with few cell divisions |
| Peripheral meristem | From L1, L2, L3 of tunica and peripheral zone of corpus |
| Pith or rib meristem | Areas just beneath the central mother cell zone; develops from peripheral zone |
| What does peripheral meristem produce? | Epidermis, ground tissue, leaves, axillary buds |
| Which vascular tissue starts developing first? | Xylem |
| What direction does xylem develop? | From inside towards outside (enarch) |
| What direction does phloem develop? | From outside towards inside (exarch) |
| Protoxylem | First xylem to develop, matures while stem is still elongating, often destroyed after metaxylem matures |
| Metaxylem | Mature xylem with larger cell diameter |
| Protophloem | First phloem to develop, first to mature look like elongated parenchyma cells without nuclei |
| Metaphloem | Mature phloem |
| Wall thickenings in protoxylem | Annular and helical |
| Wall thickenings in metaxylem | Scalariform and pitted |
| Pattern of xylem development | Annular then helical then scalariform then pitted |
| Procambium | Parenchyma cells that give rise to primary xylem and phloem |
| Vascular cambium | Responsible for secondary growth, produces secondary xylem and phloem |
| What plants have continuous vascular bundles | Magnoliids and primitive eudicots |
| Interfascicular region | Parenchyma cells of vascular cambium between vascular bundles |
| Vascular cambium | Single layer of parenchyma cells between xylem and phloem |
| Cortex | Area outside of ring of vascular bundles |
| Pith (eudicots) | Area inside of ring of vascular bundles |
| Cortex (monocots) | Area surrounding vascular bundles |
| What is the cortex made of? | Parenchyma and collenchyma |
| What is pith made of (eudicots)? | Parenchyma cells |
| What do ducts or canals contain? | Slimy carbohydrates called mucilage |
| Intrafascicular region | Vascular cambium within vascular bundles |
| Pith ray | Smaller in tightly packed xylem, gets broader in the looser phloem |
| 2 types of separated vascular bundles | Open and closed |
| Open vascular bundles | In plants with secondary growth, have ring of vascular cambium |
| What does intrafascicular vascular cambium produce? | Vascular tissue |
| What does interfascicular vascular cambium produce? | Ground tissue |
| Closed vascular bundles | No vascular cambium, in plants with no secondary growth, vascular bundles surrounded by sheath |
| Vascular bundle sheath | Made of sclerenchyma cells |
| 3 types of vascular tissue organization | Continuous, separated ring, scattered |
| What plants have scattered vascular bundles? | Monocots and some tropical eudicots |
| Characteristics of scattered vascular bundles | Vascular bundles closed, no secondary growth, no pith, all ground tissue is cortex |
| Leaf trace | Where vascular tissue extends to leaf |
| Branch trace | Where vascular tissue extends to branch |
| Leaf gap | Break in vascular tissue above leaf trace |
| Branch gap | Break in vascular tissue above branch trace |
| Sympodium | Stem bundle and associated leaf or branch trace |
| What is secondary growth? | Roots and stems increase in diameter in regions no longer elongating |
| Which plants have secondary growth? | All gymnosperms, all Magnoliids, some eudicots |
| What are plants with secondary growth classified as? | Perennials, and some annuals that evolved from larger ancestors |
| What happens to primary tissues when secondary growth occurs? | Destroyed and replaced by new tissues, mostly secondary xylem |
| What does vascular cambium produce? | Secondary xylem, secondary phloem, vascular rays |
| What does cork cambium produce? | Periderm (replaces ruptured epidermis) |
| Periclinal | Parallel to surface |
| Anticlinal | Perpendicular to surface |
| 2 types of vascular cambium initials | Fusiform and ray |
| Fusiform initials | Vertically elongated, give rise to vascular tissue |
| Ray initials | Horizontally elongated, give rise to vascular rays |
| Vascular rays | Made of parenchyma, in secondary xylem and phloem |
| Vascular ray functions | Lateral transport, storage |
| Symplastically | Crosses cell membrane and goes through protoplast; uses energy |
| Apoplastically | Moves between cells and along cell walls |
| What do vascular rays transport symplastically? | Sucrose |
| What do vascular rays transport apoplastically? | Water |
| What do vascular rays store? | Starch and lipids |
| 3 classifications of vascular rays | Uniseriate, biseriate, multiseriate |
| Uniseriate | 1 cell layer wide |
| Biseriate | 2 cell layers wide |
| Multiseriate | 3 or more cell layers wide |
| 2 types of secondary phloem | Functional and non-functional |
| Functional phloem | Still involved in transport |
| Non-functional phloem | Older and crushed/destroyed |
| What is wood? | Secondary xylem |
| Transverse | Cross section |
| Radial | Longitudinal section through center |
| Tangential | Longitudinal section not through center |
| Spring wood | Biggest cells for more water transport |
| Summer wood | Medium cells for less water |
| Fall wood | Small cells because no leaves means less water needed |
| Is storied or non-storied wood stronger? | Non-storied |
| Heartwood | Older secondary xylem, no longer involved in transport, often darker |
| Sapwood | Younger secondary xylem, actively involved in transport, often lighter |
| How does sapwood change to heartwood? | Anything stored in cells removed, oils gums and resins form, sometimes produce tyloses |
| Tyloses | Balloon-like outgrowths from ray parenchyma cells into vessels through pits that clog vessel |
| What are tyloses made of? | Polysaccharides and pectin |
| Softwood | Conifers with tracheids, writing paper and brown paper bags |
| Hardwood | Deciduous trees with vessels, fibers, and tracheids; kodak paper, toilet paper, napkins, kleenex |
| Knot | Lateral branch that has been covered with secondary xylem |
| 2 types of knots | Tight and loose |
| Origin of phellogen (cork cambium) | One of the layers of the cortex |
| What does phellogen produce? | Phellem to outside and phelloderm to inside |
| Phellem | Cork, dead, lined with suberin |
| Phelloderm characteristic | Living |
| Periderm | Outer protective covering of trees |
| 3 parts of periderm | Phellogen, phellem, and phelloderm |
| Lenticel | Permanent opening in periderm for gas exchange, caused by area of higher cell division activity pushing periderm up and splitting |
| What does bark include? | Periderm, secondary phloem, some vascular cambium |
| 4 types of bark | Thin & peeling, scaly, furrowed, shaggy |
Created by:
iragland
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