Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Cogs17 Course Review
Cogs17 Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Connecting to the SAME side vs. connecting to the OPPOSITE side | Ipsilateral / Contralateral |
| Towards the sides vs. toward the middle | Lateral / Medial |
| Towards the stomach or the bottom of the human head vs. towards the back or the top of the human head | Ventral / Dorsal |
| A structure above another vs. one below another | Superior / Inferior |
| Planes through head as seen from the front vs. the side vs. above | Coronal / Saggital / Horizontal |
| Division of the Forebrain that ultimately becomes the Thalamus, Hypothalamus and the eye | Diencephalon |
| Division of the Forebrain that ultimately becomes the Cerebral Cortex, Basal Ganglia, Limbic System, etc. | Telencephaon |
| Hindbrain structure, controls vital reflexes | Medulla |
| Hindbrain structure, acts as bridge between Hindbrain and higher centers | Pons |
| Hindbrain structure, involved primarily with guided, timed movements | Cerebellum |
| Network of cells moving through hind- and mid-brain, involved in arousal | Reticular Formation |
| Core strip of cells through hind-and mid-brain, involved in sleep | Raphe System |
| Midbrain structure involved in motor processes | Tegmentum |
| Midbrain structure involved in sensory processes, includes Superior (visual) and Inferior (auditory) Colliculi | Tectum |
| Forebrain structure, oversees 4Fs, temperature, clock; communicates with and through the endrocrine system | Hypothalamus |
| Forebrain structure, "Master Gland", stimulated by Hypothalamus | Pituitary Gland |
| Forebrain structure, a principal stop along most sensory pathways | Thalamus |
| A set of forebrain structures involved in motivation and emotional expression | Limbic System |
| Forebrain structure, involved in the formation of new memories | Hippocampus |
| Forebrain structure, associated especially with anger and fear | Amygdala |
| Forebrain structure, layer mediating between cortex and lower systems, especially for socio-emotional evaluation | Cingulate Gyrus |
| Forebrain structure, receives smell info from olfactory receptors | Olfactory Bulb |
| Forebrain structure including Caudate Nucleus, Putamen & Globus Pallidus, involved in control of movement | Basal Ganglia |
| Forebrain structure including Nucleus Basalis, involved in arousal and attention | Basal Forebrain |
| Forebrain structure, outer "bark" of brain, 6-layered, highly convoluted | Cerebral Cortex |
| Set of axons connecting the two cerebral hemispheres | Corpus Callosum |
| Lobe of the cortex, posterior, primarily involved in visual processing, including V1 (Striate Cortex) | Occipital Lobe |
| Lobe of the cortex, lateral, primarily involved in auditory processing (e.g. A1 and Wernicke's) and higher visual (IT) | Temporal Lobe |
| Lobe of the cortex posterior to the Central Sulcus, primarily involved in somatosensory and visio-spatial maps | Parietal Lobe |
| Lobe of the cortex anterior to Central Sulcus, motor control including Broca's Area and, in Prefrontal Area,strategy & self control | Frontal Lobe |
| Part of the CNS other than the brain | Spinal Cord |
| Part of the Spinal Cord through which sensory info enters. vs. through which motor info exits | Dorsal Root / Ventral Root |
| "Law" governing above directions of information flow | Bell-Magendie Law |
| Area of the Spinal Cord (as seen in cross-section) consisting of soma vs. of myelinated axons | Grey / White Matter |
| Tube through core of Spinal Cord containing fluid | Central Canal |
| Four hollow chambers (plus aqueducts) in brain that produce the fluid that feeds, cleans and cushions brain | Ventricles |
| Fluid, produced by ventricles, found within Spinal Cord and in covering surrounding CNS | Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) |
| Three-layered (Dura-, Fluid-filled Arachnoid- and Pia-Mater) protective covering that surrounds CNS | Meninges |
| Semi-permeable barrier, controls what chemicals enter brain, created by closing gaps between capillaries' endothelial cells | Blood Brain Barrier |
| That part of the PNS that is responsible for the body's interaction with the environment | Somatic Nervous System |
| That part of the PNS that is responsible for assessing and maintaining the body's internal environment | Autonomic Nervous System |
| That part of the ANS that produces the "fight or flight" response vs. that which facilitates relaxation and replenishment | Sympathetic / Parasympathetic NS |
| Extreme compensatory response of one system to extreme activation of the other - can lead to fainting, ulcers, voodoo death | Parasympathetic Rebound |
| Cells in the Nervous System responsible for information transmission | Neurons |
| Cells in the Nervous System responsible for support, feeding, recycling, development, etc | Glial cells |
| Organelles in a cell that are the site of protein production, crucial to much neural functioning | Ribosomes |
| Organelles in a cell that are the source of energy (ATP) to power active (vs. passive) funcitons in cell | Mitochondria |
| Processes (branches) of a neuron that receive the incoming message vs. the one that releases the outgoing message | Dendrites / Axon |
| Difference in the amount of a given chemical inside/outside a cell vs. a difference in charge inside/outside a cell | Concentration / Electical Gradient |
| Symbols for 4 key chemical elements in neural functioning - including 3 positive ions, 1 negative ion | Na+, K+, Ca++, Cl- |
| Name for and amount of difference in charge inside/outside cell, in millivolts (mV), in a polarized cell ready to fire | Resting Potential (-70mV) |
| Energy-requiring pump that helps restore membrane potential after cell fires | Sodium-Potassium Pump |
| A sequence of depolarization that moves along an axon, resulting in the all-or-nothing release of NT | Action Potential |
| Section of axon where depolarization sequence begins | Axon Hillock |
| A greater or lesser change in the polarity of a neuron that results in a greater or lesser release of NT | Graded Potential |
| Propagation of info down an axon by way of chemical gates opening/closing vs. by flow of electrons | Ionic / Electrical Conduction |
| "Jumping" electrical conduction that occurs in myelinated axons | Saltatory Conduction |
| Glia cells wrapping around sections of an axon to insulate it and speed its information transmission | Myelination |
| Gaps between myelin sheaths on an axon | Nodes of Ranvier |
| Disease that destroys myelin; no ion gates under sheath so neuron cannot fire | Multiple Sclerosis (MS) |
| Period following an Action Potential during which the cell cannot (or is more difficult to) fire | Refractory Period |
| The event in which one cell releases NT and that NT affects another cell | Synapse |
| The gap between cells across which NT passively floats | Synaptic Cleft |
| The cell that releases the NT vs. the cell that receives the NT | Pre- / Post Synaptic Cell |
| The end of the axon from which NT is released, also called "button" or "end bulb" | Pre-Synaptic Terminal |
| Packets of NT released by a neuron | Vesicles |
| The release of NT into cleft via its packet opening at a Fusion Pore in the cell's membrane | Exocytosis |
| Area, usually on a dendrite, that is specialized for the attachment of NT | Receptor Site |
| An increase vs. a decrease in a cell's likelihood of releasing neurotransmitter | EPSP / IPSP |
| Less polarized, less difference between inside of cell and outside of cell vs. more difference | Hyper / Hypo-Polarization |
| Cumulative effect of the activity of multiple Presynaptic cells; Can be temporal or spatial | Summation |
| When NT has direct effect on ion channels in Postsynaptic cell vs. indirect effects via internal metabolic processes | Ionotropic / Metabotropic |
| Chemical in Postsynaptic cell involved in energy-requiring processes (including altering ion channels) triggered by NT | Second Messenger |
| Chemicals released by Presynaptic cells that directly affect local Postsynaptic cells vs. ones that widely influence neural activity | Neuro-transmitters / -modulators |
| Chemical (endogenous or man-made) that acts to facilitate (via imitation or enhancement) vs. to block the effects of specific NTs | Agonist / Antagonist |
| Process by which NTs or their components re-enter the Presynaptic cell for re-use. | Reuptake |
| Enzyme in cleft that breaks down Acetylcholine | Acetylcholinesterase |
| Site on Presynaptic terminal that reacts to that cell's own NT, usually acting to turn off/down that cell's further NT release | Auto-Receptors |
| Synapses at Presynaptic terminal that reacts to NT from other cell, excitatory or inhibitory | Axoaxonic Synapses |
| Epinepherine (Adrenalin), Testosterone, Estrogen, Oxytocin, Insulin, Cortisol | 6 Hormones |
| Acetylcholine | ACh Acetylcholine |
| Dopamine | DA Dopamine |
| Serotonin | 5-HT Serotonin |
| Norepinepherin | NE Norepinepherin |
| Adrenalin | Epinepherine |
| Glutamate | Glutamate |
| GABA | GABA |
| Substance P | Substance P |
| Endorphins | Endorphins |
| In the new embryo, the outermost layer of cells - becomes the nervous system and skin | Ectoderm |
| In the growing (wormlike) embryo, the surface along the back that thickens and hardens | Neural Plate |
| A pair of ridges all along the above that begin to curl towards each other | Neural Folds |
| The long hollow chamber that is formed when the above meet and fuse, inner surface becomes the CNS | Neural Tube |
| Outer surface of the above ridges that separate off and become the PNS | Neural Crest |
| A pathological condition involving a failure of the edges above to completely fuse, leading to birth defects or death | Spina Bifida |
| The original type of cells in this area that undergo division to populate nervous system | Stem Cells |
| Cell division that produces two identical offspring vs. produces one identical and one new (neuron or glial) cell | Symmetrical / Asymmetrical Division |
| An early type of glial cell that extends its processes out like wheel spokes for the developing neurons to migrate along | Radial Glia |
| Glia cells that are positioned to direct growing axons towards their target cells | Guidepost cells |
| Cell Death as determined by "suicide genes" that cause developing neurons to package their contents & destroy themselves | Apotosis |
| Chemicals that attract/repel Axon growth, help prevent cell death, and/or promote Axonal branching | Neurotrophins |
| One type of the above, from muscles & organs, that promotes survival and growth of axons in the brain and Sympathetic NS | Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) |
| Newly formed axonal branch that replaces another (that has died off) at a synapse | Collateral sprout |
| New outgrowths on, or subdividing of, the processes that receive NT, in response to an enriched enviornment, learning, etc. | Dendritic spines / branching |
| The production of new cells | Proliferation |
| The movement of cells from their place of origin to their later position | Migration |
| The formation of new synapses | Synaptogenesis |
| A mnemonic for the rule that co-activated cells tend to be strengthened in their connectivity and out-compete neighboring cells | Fire together > Wire together |
| The production of new cells | Proliferation |
| The movement of cells from their place of origin to their later position | Migration |
| The formation of new synapses | Synaptogenesis |
| A mnemonic for the rule that co-activated cells tend to be strengthened in their connectivity and out-compete neighboring cells | Fire together > Wire together |
| Convergence (or Summation) | When multiple pre-synaptic cells all communicate to one post-synaptic cell |
| Divergence | When one presynaptic cell communicates to many post-synaptic cells |
| Receptive Field | Set of receptors whose actitvity influences the activity of target cell |
| Excitatory Center- Inhibitory Surround | Type of above: stimulating center increases target response, non-center decreases it |
| Topological | Type of map that preserves spatial relaitonships (as along a sensory surface) |
| Magnification | In cortex, disproportionate enlargement of the rep. of a sensory area of low convergence |
| Module | An area of the brain specialized for processing one particular type of information |
| The Binding Problem | The problem posed by having several of the above, and yet perceiving wholes |
| Retina | Rear layers of neurons in the eyeball |
| Receptors (Rods & Cones) | Cells that respond to light; show spontaneous, graded release of inhibitory NT |
| Rods | Above that are convergent, sensitive to motion & low light, mainly in periphery |
| Cones | Above that connect few:1, sensitive to color & detail, dispersed plus conc'd in center |
| Fovea | Central area of above receptor types only, connected 1:1 for highest acuity |
| Bipolars | Next cell in pathway, spontaneous, graded potentials, release excitatory NT |
| Horizontals | Inter-neurons that modify reaction of above, implicated in color opponency |
| Ganglions | Next cell in pathway, action potentials, release excitatory NT |
| Optic Nerve | Formed of axons of the above |
| Optic Disc | Place where above leaves eye for brain, also called "Blind Spot" |
| Amacrines | Inter-neurons that modify reaction of above, implicated in contrast effects |
| Dim | Level of light (bright vs. dim?) that results in greatest release of NT from receptors |
| Bright | Level of light (bright vs. dim?) that results in greatest release of NT from bipolars |
| Acuity | High-detail discrimination, as from low convergence, that retains info on diffs |
| Sensitivity | High likelihood of detection, as from high convergence that crosses next cell's threshold |
| Lateral Inhibition | Cell activity resulting in release of inhibitory NT to cells orthogonal to info pathway |
| Simultaneous Contrast | Illusion created by above that alters perception of central grey depending on its surround |
| Uni-directional | Direction of inhibition (uni- or bi-directional?) in direction-senstive motion circuit |
| Lateral Geniculate Nuc or LGN | Nucleus in Thalamus that processes most visual information from eye |
| Column | In cortex, set of cells, in 6 layers, that all respond to the same preferred stimulus |
| Hyper-Column | In cortex, set of cells that all have same RF and include set of orientation cols & blobs |
| Retinotopic Map | Topological map that preserves spatial relationships found on Retina |
| A1 or Striate Cortex | Primary Projection area for vision in Occipital Lobe of cortex |
| Parvocellular Pathway | Visual pathway specialized for color and detail, that "flows" along bottom of cortex |
| Temporal Pathway | Above also called...because it terminates in this lobe of the cortex |
| What/Who Pathway | Above also called…because it conveys info that helps you to identify a stimulus or individual |
| Parvocellular or X Ganglions | Small ganglion cells that begin this pathway, with small RFs & sustained response |
| Magnocellular Pathway | Visual pathway specialized for motion and localization,"flows" along top part of cortex |
| Parietal Pathway | Above also called …because it terminates in this lobe of the cortex |
| Where/How Pathway | Above also called…because it conveys info that helps locate & interact w/stimuli |
| Magnocellular or Y Ganglions | Large ganglion cells that begin this pathway, with large RFs & transient response |
| Superior Colliculus | Nucleus in Midbrain in this path, processes some visual (esp motion) info from eye |
| Blindsight | Tho vis cortex damaged & no visual experience, midbrain enables some vis localization |
| Trichromatic Color Vision | Color coding per ratio of activity of 3 cone types reponding to 3 overlapping ranges of freqs |
| Color Opponency | Recoding of above, via lateral inhibition from Horizontal cells, into Red/Green & Blue/Yellow |
| Opponent Cells | LGN or Ganglions with R+G-, G+R-, B+Y- or Y+B- receptive fields |
| Color Constancy | V4-mediated process that enables ID of color under diff light conditions (AKA "Retinex Theo") |
| Simple Cells | Cells in V1 that respond to line, or gradient, oriented in particular direction |
| Complex Cells | Cells in V2 that give best response to moving lines of particular orientation |
| Spatial Frequencies | Number of dark/light changes per degree of visual angle |
| High Frequency | Frequency gradients (high vs. low?) that V1 cells in Parvo path are most sensitive to |
| Low Frequency | Frequency gradients (high vs. low?) that V1 cells in Magno path are most sensitive to |
| Inferior Temporal or IT | End of Parvo pathway, includes cells that prefer hand, face, other complex stim |
| Prosopagnosia | Deficit from damage to Fusiform Gyrus, patient cannot recognize familiar faces |
| MT | Cortex with direction-sensitive cells, responds best to stimulus moving across retina |
| MST | Cort4x with optic-flow detectors that repond best to contraction/expansion of whole scene |
| Disparity Detectors | In V2 or MT, cells that respond to degrees of diff between location of an image on 2 retina |
| Tympanic Membrane | Membrane vibrated by air molecules moving down Auditory Canal |
| Ossicles | Three tiny bones linked into lever system, amplify vibrations of above |
| Oval Window | Membrane vibrated by third bone above, initiating vibration of… |
| Cochlear Fluid | Thick, incompressible, potassium-rich fluid that fills… |
| Cochlea | Coiled, three-chambered tube in Inner Ear which contains… |
| Organ of Corti | Section of central chamber where Receptor Cells are found |
| Basilar Mambrane | Membrane that runs along floor of above structure, moves up and down |
| Tectorial Membrane | Membrane that runs along roof of above structure, moves forward & back |
| Hair Cells | Auditory receptor cells that are deformed between the above two membranes |
| Cillia | Tiny "hairs" extending from above cells whose deformation initiates transduction |
| K+ | Ion that enters receptor, descreasing its polarity |
| Ca++ | Ion that enters receptor, causing chain reaction that results in release of NT |
| Glutamate | NT released by auditory receptors |
| Graded Potential | Type of change in polarity in receptors (graded vs. action potential?) |
| Spiral Ganglions or ANFs | Cells to which Receptors communicate, whose axons exit to brain |
| Action Potential | Type of change in polarity in these cells (graded vs. action potential?) |
| Place Coding | Relative levels of activity across differentially-resonating Bas. Memb. code freq |
| Temporal Coding | Rate of oscillation of Bas. Membrane codes freq per rate of Auditory Nerve Firing |
| Refractory Period | Time during which Auditory Nerve Fibers cannot fire next Action Potential |
| Volley Principle | Since each above can only fire 1/1000sec, must work together at alt. intervals |
| Phase Locked | Ganglions involved in above can all only fire at the same phase (e.g.) peak of input wave. |
| Amplitude Differences | Diffs used for localization, caused by "head shadow" attenuating high freqs |
| Phase Differences | Diffs used for localization, comparing peak & trough of lower frequencies |
| Timing Differences | Diffs used for localization, per race of left vs. right Onset signals to Superior Olive |
| Inner Hair Cells | Receptor Cells that show divergent connectivity, for detail freq discrimination |
| Outer Hair Cells | Receptor Cells that show convergent connectivity, for loudness discrimination |
| Auditory Nerve | Axons of next cells in path form this nerve |
| 8th Cranial Nerve | Above is part of (?) Cranial Nerve |
| Cochlear Nucleus | Next synapse in Medulla, beginning of separate information pathways |
| Primary Like Cell | Cell in above nucleus that duplicates the incoming signal |
| Tonotopic Map | Above helps generate what kind of map that reps low>high frequency across cell array |
| Onset Cell | Cell in above nucleus that transforms incoming signal into a transient burst |
| Build Up Cell | Cell in above that transforms incoming signal into one of graded, increasing amp |
| Monaural | When information from only one ear is involved, as in the above |
| Binaural | When info from both ears is combined, good for localization, as in the following… |
| Superior Olive | Next auditory site, also in Medulla, responsible for Orienting Reflex |
| Inferior Colliculus | Next auditory site, in Midbrain, where info integrated with visual at nearby site |
| Medial Geniculate Nuc or MGN | Next auditory site, in Thalamus, site of among other things… |
| A1 | Primary Projection Area for audition, in Temporal Lobe of cortex |
| A2 | Secondary Auditory area in cortex |
| Wernicke's Area | Area with critical role in the comprehension of speech, in left hemisphere |
| Music | Type of complex auditory input processed by higher auditory centers in right hemi. |
| Hair Cells | Type of receptor cells in Vestibular system |
| K+ | Ion, when not/allowed to enter cell, changes receptor's polarity |
| Spontaneous Firing Rate | Changes in velocity & orientation alter this kind of firing rate |
| Otolith Organ | Where receptors respond to head tilt via gravity-induced deformation by crystals |
| Semi-Circular Canals | Three fluid-filled tubes that detect changes in angular acceleration |
| Motion Sickness | Effect when visual and/or motor feedback is inconsistent with vestibular info |
| 8th Cranial Nerve | Cranial nerve (?) shared with audition |
| Free Nerve Endings | Class of receptors that respond to temp, pain, itch and hair follicle movement |
| Nociceptors | Receptors in above class that respond to "noxious" (potentially damaging) stimuli |
| Encapsulated Endings | Class of receptors that respond to touch and internal movement |
| Proprioception | Detection of internal movement of muscles and organs |
| Action Potentials | Type of response by above type of receptors (graded or action potentials?) |
| Selective Adaptation | Process by which one type of receptor is fatigued, showing its role in coding |
| Ventral Posterior Nuc or VPN | Nucleus of Thalamus in somatosensory pathway |
| Spinal Thalamic Pathway | Path for pain and temperature info to brain, crossing over in Spinal Cord |
| Medial Lemniscal Pathway | Path for touch and internal motion info to brain, crossing over in Brainstem |
| MLP | Which of above paths tends to be myelinated |
| Brown-Sequard Sndrome | When damage to one side of spine results in diff losses on ipsi- vs. contra-lateral sides |
| Post-Central Gyrus | Location of Primary Projection Area (S1) for somatosensory info |
| Penfield Map | Name of topological map of body surface found there |
| Hands and Mouth | Parts of body that fill disproportionate areas of this map |
| Substance P | Neurotransmitter released by pain receptors and other cells in pain pathway |
| Gate Theory | Theory concerning the top-down blocking of pain info entering brain |
| Peri-Aquaductal Grey or PAG | Midbrain area that is probably the source of this blocking |
| Endorphins | "Endogenous morphines" released by above |
| Inhibitory Interneuron (SG) | Type of inter-neuron in spine that responds to above input |
| Naloxone | Opiate antagonist that reduces analgesic effects of morphine & acupuncture |
| Striate Muscles | Type of muscle, made of parallel fibes, attached by tendons to bones |
| Flexors | One type of above, that moves bone toward body, in antagonistic pair with… |
| Extensors | …other type, that moves bone away from body |
| Neuro-Muscular Junction | Where neuron releases NT that depolarizes muscle fiber cells > contraction |
| Acetylcholine ACh | Neurotransmitter released by effector neurons to contract muscles |
| Sarcomere | The contractile unit of a muscle fiber, consisting of… |
| Myosin | Thick protein filament with knobby bead-like Cross Bridges along it, and… |
| Actin | Thin braided protein filament, anchored to muscle, that above hook into & tighten |
| Spindle | A proprioceptor that detects passive stretch of a muscle, triggering… |
| Stretch Reflex | A mono-synaptic reflex that contracts muscle to counter passive stretch |
| Golgi Reflex | A reflex triggered by Tendon Organs detecting excessive contraction in muscle |
| Pain Withdrawal Reflex | A reflex triggered by pain detectors, rapidly removing skin from source of pain |
| Scratch Reflex | A reflex involving an Oscillator Circuit producing a fixed-rate rhythm |
| Infant Reflexes | Reflexes, such as "rooting" or "grasping", found in newborns |
| Primary Motor Cortex | Area of cortex that includes body map, sends movement commands to Stem and Cord |
| Pre-Central Gyrus | Location of above |
| Premotor Cortex | Anterior to above, active during preparation to move, receives esp from Visua-Spatial areas |
| Mirror Cells | Above includes cells that respond to image of self, or other, performing familiar manual task |
| Broca's Area | Lateral area that plans articulation, helps generate gramatical sentences (esp in left hemi) |
| Supplementary Motor Cortex | Dorsal to above, also active during prep, esp for rapid moves, receives from Parietal |
| Cortico-Spinal Pathway | Fast, crossing paths from Pyramids in cortex, esp. for precise control of peripheral moves |
| Red Nucleus (of Tegmentum) | Above stops at this Midbrain structure on way from Cortex to Medulla & Cord |
| Ventro-Medial Pathway | Mainly ipsilateral pathways for posture & gross movement of neck, shoulders & trunk |
| Cerebellum | "Little brain" involved esp in coordinated movement requiring aiming and timing |
| Ballistic | Movements that occur very rapidly & generally cannot be altered once begun |
| Purkinje Cells | "Telephone poles" in cerebellar cortex that help code time as distance |
| Parallel Fibers | "Wires" in above whose action potentials release excitatory NT |
| Deep Nuclei | Central areas that receive from "telephone poles" and send output to Brain/Cord |
| Basal Ganglia | Set of forebrain structures controlling posture, muscle tone, & smooth movement |
| Parkinson's Disease | Movement impairment, marked by rigidity, tremors etc, from degeneration of… |
| Substantia Nigra | Midbrain structure whose dopaminergic axons synapse in Basal Ganglia |
| L-Dopa | Precursor of dopamine, crosses barrier, converted by neurons into dopamine |
| Beta Activity | EEG while awake/active, 18-24 Hz, Very high freq, very desynchronized |
| Alpha Activity | EEG while awake/relaxed, 8-12 Hz, Like above, somewhat more sync’d |
| Theta Activity | EEG during Sleep I, 4-7 Hz, Lower freq, still quite irregular, more sync'd |
| Delta Activity | EEG during Sleep 3(&4), <4 Hz in less (&more) than 50% , Very low freq, very high voltage, very sync’d |
| Spindle and K Complex | During Sleep 2, 2 types of intermittent bursts of high freq or voltage, as brain settles into deeper sleep |
| Slow Wave Sleep | Another term for Sleep 3 & 4, re: its low frequency EEG and highly synchronized activity |
| REM (Rapid Eye Movement) | Stage of Sleep associated with dreams |
| Paradoxical Sleep | Another name for above due to its contradictory nature (active, desynch'd brain, but paralyzed body) |
| Atonia | Condition in which Pons suppresses motor signals sent to Cord, so muscle action prohibited |
| PGO Wave | Sequence of activation in Pons => (Lateral) Geniculate => Occipital Cortex that initiates dream sleep |
| ACh | Excitatory neurotransmitter released by above to desychronize brain |
| 90 Minutes | Duration ( minutes) of one sleep cycle through Stages 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, “Dream” sleep |
| REM Rebound | Condition after sleep deprivation in which system attempts to enter “Dream” sleep more frequently |
| Suprachiasmatic Nuc (SCN) | Location in Hypothalamus of Circadian Clock |
| Zeitgeber | “Time Giver”, a stimulus, such a bright sunlight, that can reset Circadian Clock |
| Retino-Hypothalamic Path | Path of Optic Nerve collateral that connects special visual receptors in eye directly to clock |
| Pineal Gland | Gland that produces a hormone that impacts on Hypothalamus to increase sleepiness |
| Melatonin | The hormone mentioned above, which can also be taken as a sleep aid. |
| Basal Forebrain | Forebrain structure (anterior & dorsal to Hypothal) that modifies arousal in cortex |
| ACh | Neurotransmitter released by above that increases cortical arousal |
| GABA | Neurotransmitter released by above that decreases cortical arousal |
| Adenosine | Chemical that builds up in cells, released as NT, inhibits release of above excitatory NT, promotes sleep |
| Caffeine | Stimulant that blocks receptors for above, allowing continued cortical arousal |
| PreOptic Area | Nucleus of Hypothalamus critical in initiating sleep (also assesses & regulates body temperature) |
| Raphe Nuclei | Structure in Pons whose functions include shutting off REM sleep |
| Serotonin (5HT) | Neurotransmitter released by above nuclei; very low in Slow Wave Sleep, very high at the end of REM |
| Reticular Formation | “Net” from Medulla & Pons, for widespread arousal of Forebrain, esp Thalamus and Basal Forebrain |
| ACh and Glutamate | Two neurotransmitters released by above, to alert brain |
| Locus Coeruleus | (“Dark Blue Place”) An arousal center, active during new tasks , vigilance, memory formation |
| Norepinepherine (NE) | Neurotransmitter released by above, absent during dreams; Amphetamines are antagonists for this NT |
| Organizing vs. Activating | Effects of reproductive hormones on anatomy vs. on behavior |
| Estrogens vs. Androgens | Class of reproductive hormones found in greater proportion in Females vs. in Males |
| XX vs. XY | Sex chromosomes typical of Females vs. Males, which help determine gender |
| Wolffian vs. Muellerian | Systems of ducts in fetus that become part of internal reproductive organs of Males vs. Females |
| Testosterone | A Male hormone, produced by testes, responsible for development of Male anatomy and behavior |
| Anti-Muellerian Hormone | Another Male hormone that inhibits development of Female system of internal ducts |
| Testis-Determining Factor (TDF) | Enzyme produced by “switch” on Male chromosome that leads to the development of gender |
| Androgen-Insensitivity | Condition in which genetic-male fetus does not respond to Male hormones and thus develops as Female |
| Turner’s Syndrome | Condition in which fetus lacks Y Chromosome, develops internally & externally as infertile Female |
| Estradiol | A Female hormone, (similar to Testosterone) that, once inside fetal cells, promotes Male development |
| Apha-Fetoprotein | Chemical in fetal bood that prevents mother’s hormones from entering fetal cells and masculinizing fetus |
| Medial Preoptic Area (MPOA) | Area of Hypothalamus w/receptor sites for Male hormones, esp active during Male sexual behavior |
| Sexually Dimorphic Nuc (SDN) | Above includes this nucleus which is 2.5X larger in Males than Females |
| INAH3 | Part of above nucleus that is smaller in both Females and Homosexual Males |
| Ventro-Medial H. (VMH), | Area of Hypothalamus w/receptor sites for Female hormones, esp active during Female sexual behavior |
| Corpus Callosum | Fibers connecting cortical hemispheres which is thicker in Females, who are thus less-lateralized |
| Gonadotropin-Releasing (GnRH) | Hormones released by Hypothalamus causing Anterior Pituitary to release its reproductive hormones |
| LH and FSH | Two Gonadotropic hormones that stimulate development and behavior in both genders |
| Androstenedione | Male hormone released by Female Adrenal Glands, stimulates secondary hair growth & sexual behavior |
| Nucleus Accumbens | Area near Basal Forebrain associated with the sensation of sexual pleasure |
| Dopamine | Neurotransmitter released by above area in response to sexual stimulation |
| Oxytocin | Hormone released by Posterior Pituitary at time of orgasm |
| Prolactin | Hormone released by Anterior Pituitary for refractory period in Males and milk production in Females |
| Periaqueductal Gray Area | Part of Tegmentum active especially in Females during sex |
| Endorphins | Neurotransmitter released by above area, including to supress potential for pain |
| James-Lange Theory | Theory that suggests emotion is an after-the-fact label we give to arousal and assoc'd behavior |
| Cannon-Bard Theory | Theory: Once threat perceived (via Thalamus), emotion is simultaneous ANS activity & subjective experience |
| Papez Circuit | Update of above that includes Limbic Syustem in circuit |
| Schater-Singer Theory | Theory: Emotion is interaction between cognitive appraisal and autonomic/limbic activity |
| Amygdala | Key Limbic structure implicated in interpreting valenced situations and coordinating an emotional response |
| Corticomdial Area | Area of above, when stimulated, promotes attack |
| Lateral Nuclei | Area of above responsible for coordinating Startle Reflex |
| Central & Basolateral Nuclei | Areas of above involved in Coniditioned Fear and subsequent enhancement of Startle Reflex |
| Urbach-Weith Disease | Degenerative calcium buildup in Amygdala that results in deficits in interpreting facial expressions |
| Prefrontal Cortex | Area of cortex, w/reciprocal connections to Amygdala, involved in expressing, inhibiting & reading emotion |
| Phineas Gage | Famous patient with damage to above area from accident during building railway |
| Theory of Mind | Capacity to attribute mental states to others, prob. mediated by late-developing Prefrontal-Amygdala links |
| Helplessness | Prefrontal assessment of negative situation one is powerless to affect, can lead to Parasym-rebound ulcers |
| Anterior Insula | Vetral, medial area of above cortical region involved in facial expression and (taste) reaction of disgust |
| Emotional Facial Paresis | Result of damage in above area involving deficit in ability to spontaneously smile |
| Volitional Facial Paresis | Result of damage to Motor Cortex for facial region that involves in deficit in voluntarily showing teeth |
| Gambling Task | Common task used in lab to assess risk aversion |
| Serotonin | NT whose low turnover level (per metabolite 5-HIAA levels) assoc'd w/impulsiveness, aggression & depression |
| CCK | Excitatory NT associated with enhanced Startle Reflex |
| GABA | Inhibitory NT, admits Cl- inons into cells, whose agonists (Valium, Xanax) are used to combat anxiety |
| Law of Effect | Rule of Conditioning: Event assoc'd with + (vs. -) reinforcement will (vs. not) be repeated |
| Classical Conditioning | Developed association between stimuli, especially involving an unconditioned response |
| Operant Conditioning | Developed association between stimulus and response |
| Hebbian Cell Assemblies | Co-activated neural circuits presumably involved in learning and retrieval of associations |
| Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) | Physical changes in cells involved in above, associated with learning |
| Hippocampus | Area of brain in which above process has been well studied/described |
| Glutamate | Type NT involved in above |
| AMPA | Type of receptor site for above NT that is ionotropic and easy to stimulate |
| NMDA | Type of receptor site for above NT that is difficult to stimulate, & often requires above to first hypo-polarize cell |
| Mg++ | Type of ion that blocks ion gate of above receptor site |
| AMPA | Type of receptor site that above can change into, after repeated co-activity in a circuit |
| Dendritic Branching | One kind of change to dendrite structure that results in an increase in surface area and thus of available sites |
| Perforation | Act by post-synaptic cell membrane that results in division of "active zone" of pre-synaptic terminal |
| Genetic changes | DNA transcribed to RNS translated to Protein production that increases likelihood of neural activity |
| Neurogenesis | Rare (except in Hippocampus) generation of new neurons associated with learning |
| Spatial Memory | Recall of specific locations, spatial judgments of familiarity |
| Hippocampus | Area of brain in which above process has been well studied/described |
| Procedural Memory | Motor Skill, How to do it (peck a target, ride a bike) |
| Cerebellum & Striatum | Areas of brain in which above process has been well studied/described |
| Declarative Memory | Episodic (personal history) & Semantic/Associative (facts) memory |
| Hippo. & Mediodorsal Thal | Areas of brain in which above process has been well studied/described |
| Place Cells | Types of cells found in Hippocampus whose activity becomes associated with particular parts of a familiar env |
| Cognitive Map | The type of map formed by a subject who gets to know the spatial layout of a particular environment |
| Lateral Imterpositus (LIP) | Subsection of above hindbrain area associated with conditioning of "eye blink" response |
| Red Nucleus | Area of Tegmentum (in midrain) that also plays a role in "eye blink" response |
| Match to Sample | Task requiring application of rule "Pick alternative that is the same as the sample stimulus" |
| Hippocampus | Area leasioned in rats caused impairment on above task |
| Mediodorsal Thalamus | Area that projects to Prefrontal Cortex, implicated in declarative memory |
| Prefrontal Cortex | Area of Cortex associated with "working memory", especially when response delays are involved |
| Korsakoff's Syndrome | Syndrome, from B1 deficiency via chronic alcoholism, that esp affects cells of above area |
| Anterograde Amnesia | Type of memory deficit most commonly associated with above |
| Confabulation | Symptom of above involving "tale-telling" in which imagination not distinguished from knowledge |
| H.M. | Famous patient with damage to Hippocampus & other temporal areas. Symptoms include… |
| Anterograde Amnesia | Deficit in ability to generate new ("consolidate") memories |
| Declarative Memory | Type of learning/memories above patient unable to form |
| Procedural Memory | Above patient did NOT show deficits in this type of learning/memory |
| Amygdala | Limbic structure that plays a role in learning such as "Conditioned Fear", and in arousal to "taboo" |
| Prosopagnosia | Deficit in ability to recognize (remember) faces |
| Inferior Temporal Cortex | Area of brain associated with above, where presumably relevant data are "stored" |
| Dorsal Temporal Cortex | Area of brain where well-learned voices, words are "stored" |
| Lateralization | Dominance of one cerebral hemisphere over the other for particular functions |
| Wada Test | Test in which one hemisphere is anesthetized to test for capacity/speed of processing of other |
| Planum Temporale | Area in left temporal cortex larger in most humans (& some other primates), assoc'd with language processing |
| Interference | Cognitive principle that like-disrupts-like (e.g. left hemisphere activated by language>>slower rt hand response) |
| Corpus Callosum | Main bundle of axons connecting two hemispheres |
| Split-Brain Patient | Patient in whom above connections have been severed (as in treatment for Epilepsy) |
| Anterior Commisure | Additional inter-hemisphere connection, between anterior cortex, esp of temporal lobes |
| Left Hemisphere | Hemisphere dominant for most language processing |
| Broca's Area | Area associated with language production |
| Frontal Cortex (Lateral Premotor) | Location of this area |
| Broca's (or Productive) Aphasia | Type of aphasia associated with damage to this area |
| Atriculation | One type of difficulty in above, in which speech is slow and halting |
| Agrammatism | Another deficit involving word order and the use of syntax markers |
| Closed Class Terms | The fixed class of terms that organize syntactical relations such as prepositions, articles, conjunctions, etc. |
| Anomia | Deficit involving difficulty in "finding" words, esp of the above class |
| Sign Language Production | Deficit in one aspect of the "language of the deaf" associated with the above |
| Wernicke's Area | Area associated with language comprehension |
| Temporal Cortex (Dorso-Posterior) | Location of this area |
| Wernicke's (or Receptive) Aphasia | Type of aphasia associated with damage to this area |
| Fluency | Unlabored speech, with normal prosody, as seen in above |
| Anomia | Deficit involving difficulty in "finding" words, esp of the class below |
| Content Terms | Open (changeable) class of terms that includes nouns and verbs |
| Pure Word Deafness | Deficit in which patient cannot understand spoken words at all (even if can read or write) |
| Nonsensical Speech | Deficit involving using irrelevant or made-up words |
| Sign Language Comprehension | Aspect of language of the deaf NOT affected by damage to the above area |
| Parietal Lobe | Cortical area in which damage would result in affecting above language of the deaf |
| Arcuate Fasiculus | Fibers that connect the above areas involved in production and comprehension of speech |
| Conduction Aphasia | Type of aphasia associated with damage to this area |
| Phonemic Paraphasia | Deficit in which similar sounding words, but with different meanings, are substituted during attempt to repeat |
| Phonological Loop | Aspect of working memory involving rehearsal that is probably important normal function of these connections |
| Right Hemisphere | The following are specializations of this hemisphere |
| Global Pattern Recognition | Ability to get the "gist", to see the "larger picture", to organize narrative, etc. |
| Spatial Abilities | Abilites involved in learning, remembering and navigating environments |
| Socio-Emotional | Abilites involved in facial and nonverbal expression and interpretation |
| Music | Domain in which above abilites come into play in the aesthetic organization of sound |
Created by:
willmichaelsen
Popular Biology sets