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Plant Test 2
A
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Meristems | Tissues in which cells are actively dividing |
| Primary meristems | Where primary growth (elongation) occurs |
| Apical meristems | Meristems at apex of stems and tips of roots |
| Two apical meristem cell types | Initials and derivatives |
| Initials | Meristematic cells that divide |
| Derivatives | New body cells produced by initials |
| What do apical meristems bring about? | Primary growth |
| What does primary plant body result from? | Primary growth |
| What are the 3 overlapping processes in the formation of the primary plant body? | Growth, morphogenesis, differentiation |
| Growth | Division and enlargement |
| Morphogenesis | Development of shape or form, determined by location and function |
| Differentiation | How cells differ, based on location and gene expression |
| What can derivatives do? | Continue to divide until they differentiate into a specific cell type |
| Why are tree trunks wider at the base? | Secondary growth through lateral meristems starts at the base |
| Primary tissues | Make up primary plant body |
| Tissue | Group of cells working together to perform a function |
| What are the 3 tissue systems? | Dermal, ground, and vascular |
| Permanent tissues | Tissues that perform a certain function |
| 2 types of permanent tissues | Simple and complex |
| Simple tissue | All cells are the same |
| Complex tissue | Cells are different types |
| What's another name for ground tissue? | Fundamental |
| Which tissue system has simple tissues? | Ground |
| What are 3 types of simple ground tissue? | Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma |
| 2 characteristics of parenchyma | Living at maturity, typically only a primary cell wall |
| Location of parenchyma | Throughout plant |
| 3 functions of parenchyma | Metabolism in leaves, storage in roots, conduction over short distance |
| 3 types of parenchyma | Transfer, aerenchyma, chlorenchyma |
| Transfer parenchyma | For transport or conduction, cell wall grows inward |
| Aerenchyma | Large spaces between cells that allow air to move freely |
| Chlorenchyma | Have chloroplasts for photosynthesis |
| Example of transfer parenchyma | Synergins |
| What has aerenchyma? | Pneumataphores, water lillies |
| 4 characteristics of collenchyma | Elongated, unevenly thickened primary cell walls, living, occur in groups |
| Location of collenchyma | In bundles beneath epidermis |
| 2 examples of collenchyma | Celery strings, leaf petioles |
| Function of collenchyma | Provide support |
| Type of collenchyma | Angular |
| 2 types of sclerenchyma | Sclereids and fibers |
| 3 characteristics of sclereids | Shape varies, secondary cell wall, dead at maturity |
| Location of sclereids | Throughout plant, individually or in bundles |
| Functions of sclereids | Protection and support |
| 4 types of sclereids | Brachysclereids, astrosclereids, columnar, osteosclereids |
| Brachysclereids | Stone cells |
| Astrosclereids | Have sharp projections like stars |
| Columnar sclereids | Long column |
| Osteosclereids | Bone-shaped |
| 4 characteristics of fibers | Elongated, 0.2 mm-0.5 m, thick secondary cell wall, dead at maturity |
| Location of fibers | Xylem and phloem, or throughout |
| What has fibers throughout? | Leaves of many monocots |
| Function of fibers | Support |
| What tissue systems have complex tissue? | Vascular and dermal |
| What 4 cell types make up the xylem? | Parenchyma, fibers, tracheids, vessels |
| Tracheids function | For conduction in seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and primitive angiosperms |
| Tracheids characteristic | Pits but no perforations |
| Vessels function | Conduction in angiosperms |
| Vessels characteristics | Pits on side walls and perforation plates on cell ends |
| 3 types of perforation plates | Scalariform, simple angular, simple truncate |
| Scalariform | Has bars |
| Angular | Cut at an angle |
| Truncate | Cut straight across |
| What 4 cell types make up the phloem? | Parenchyma, fibers, sieve cells, sieve tube elements |
| What plants have sieve cells? | Gymnosperms and seedless vascular plants |
| Sieve area | Place on sieve cell with primary pit field |
| 4 characteristics of sieve cells | Primary cell wall, living, lack nucleus, small pores all over |
| Albuminous cell | Specialized parenchyma cell that regulates the loading of sugars in and out of the sieve cell |
| Callose | Polysaccharide made of glucans |
| What happens when a sieve cell is damaged? | Releases callose to clog pores and prevent constant loss of sugar |
| What plants have sieve tube elements? | Angiosperms |
| 4 characteristics of sieve tube elements | Primary cell wall, living, lack nucleus, large sieve plates instead of pores |
| Sieve plates | Large pores at ends of sieve tube elements that allow more efficient flow |
| Companion cell | Parenchyma cell that loads sugars in and out of the sieve tube element |
| What is p-protein | Slime plug in phloem |
| Origin of p-protein | All eudicots and some monocots have it |
| Relationship between albuminous cell and sieve cell | From different mother cells |
| Relationship between companion cell and sieve cell | From the same mother cell, very close |
| P-protein in monocots | In proteinoplast |
| P-protein in eudicots | Lines cell membrane |
| What plugs pores in sieve tube elements? | Callose and p-protein |
| What does the dermal tissue system include | Epidermis |
| 6 characteristics of epidermis | Continuously covers primary plant body, made of parenchyma cells, tightly packed, outer cell wall thickest, most lack chloroplast, typically living at maturity |
| 4 functions of epidermis | Protection, prevent water loss in stems and leaves, absorption in roots, support |
| 2 specialized epidermal features | Cuticle and epicuticular waxes |
| What is the cuticle made of? | Cutin |
| Where does the cuticle come from? | Synthesized by epidermal cells |
| Cuticle function | Mechanical barrier, prevents water loss |
| 4 shapes of epicuticular waxes | Platelets, rods, granules, hollow |
| Epicuticular wax function | Additional protection, prevent water loss by slowing air flow across leaves |
| 5 types of epidermal cells | Ordinary, guard cells, subsidiary cells, bulliform cells, trichomes |
| Ordinary epidermal cells | No chloroplasts |
| Guard cells | Specialized epidermal cells with chloroplasts that occur in pairs around a stomata; inner cell wall thicker than outer |
| Subsidiary cells | Occur around some guard cells to make them fit more tightly within normal epidermal cells |
| Bulliform cells | Larger, typically in some leaves, pump water out to collapse and cause leaf to roll up to prevent water loss |
| Trichome | Hairs, for protection, can have glandular tips, can be part of epidermal cell or a separate cell, can be unicellular or multicellular, can be composed of different types of cells |
Created by:
iragland
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