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bioeoc
eoc
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| genetics | study or traits, heredity, etc |
| gamete | reproductive cell+ reproductive cell= zygote |
| somatic cell | any cell other than sperm or egg cell |
| alleles | genes |
| homozygous | two alleles are identical |
| heterozygous | alleles are different |
| dominant | expressed with the presence of only one allele |
| recessive | only expressed when two recessive alleles are present |
| phenotype | the way the traits appear physically |
| genotype | specific genetic combinations that make a certain trait |
| monohybrid | cross between two people with one pair of different traits |
| dihybrid | two pairs of contrasting chatcters ie height and hair color |
| testcross | punnett square where one genotype is known and the other needs to be found out |
| autosomes | non-sex chromosomes |
| gene | piece of dna that hold a specific genetic code for a trait (in a chromosome) |
| karyotypes | photograph showing chromosomes of and organism |
| pedigrees | traces a certain trait throughout generations |
| crossing over | swap of genetic matter in meiosis, between homologous chromosomes |
| haploid | one set of unpaired chromosomes |
| diploid | cell with two sets of haploid chromosomes |
| homologous chromosomes (tetrad) | chromosomes with same structure and sequence and pair up during meiosis |
| dominance | only one allele needs to be present |
| recessive | 2 alleles required |
| probabilities | likelihood that a specific event will occur |
| incomplete dominance | neither allele completely rules over the other |
| codominance | both alleles expressed |
| polygenic inheritance | trait controlled by multiple genes |
| multiple alleles | more than two alleles for a particular trait ie hair color |
| sex-linked traits | carried on a sex chromosome |
| transformation | dna "transfered" from one cell/organism to another; change in genotype caused when cell accepts foreign material |
| avery's experiment | demonstrated that dna is responisble for transformation |
| nucleotide | sugar+phosphate+nitrogen base |
| a t c g bases | adenine + thymine, cytosine + guanine |
| complementary base pairs | sequence of bases on strand x match and pair to those of strand y |
| dna replication | the division of dna in nucleous prior to mitosis or meiosis |
| dna polymerase | adds nucleotides to exposed nitrogen bases, forms 2 new double helix |
| rna | takes dna codes to be transcripted outside of the nucleous to proteins can be made |
| differences between dna and rna | sugar=ribose, single stranded, uracil replaces thymine |
| protein synthesis | turning code for protein into the actual protein |
| uracil | replaces thymine in rna, bonds with adenine |
| transcription | rna copies a section of dna |
| translation | linking or sequenced amino acids to make a protein |
| rna polymerase | enzyme, binds rna bases to matching dna bases |
| messenger rna | gets code from dna and out of nucleous |
| transfer rna | binds with amino acids and carries them to ribosomes |
| codon | dna 3 nucleotide sequence signals start or stop for amino acid, mrna |
| anticodon | 3 bases complementary to the codon, trna |
| mutation | a change in a gene's dna |
| point mutation | one nucleotide is replace with another |
| substitution mutation | nucleotide is substituted with another |
| genetic engineering | manipulating genes for research and practical purposes |
| recombinant dna | from two or more different sources |
| restriction enzymes | bacterial enzymes, cut dna between specific nucleotides |
| plasmids | vector, carries gene to another cell |
| electrophoresis | to carry electricity; gel electropohoreisis separates dna fragments |
| probes | rna or dna strand/ radioactive or flourescently altered/ used in genetic engineering to bind with and identify a certain gene |
| human genome project | research project to identify all sequences and genes in human cells |
| dna fingerprinting | unique set of bands following ge, each persons |
| cloning | asexually produced, identical to parent, genetically the same |
| evolution | gradual development of life over time |
| darwin | founder of modern evolutionary theory |
| structual adaptations | changes in physical structure to increase chances of survival |
| natural selection | survival of the fittest |
| variation | differences among members of a poplulation; good are passed on, bad are not |
| fitness | those most adapted or able to adapt to a certain environment and survive |
| reproductive success | fertile offspring can be produced |
| galapagos islands | darwin researched evolutionary theory studying the tortioses and finches there |
| geographical isolation | physical barrier separates a population |
| reproductive isolation | formerly interbreeding organisms can no longer produce fertile offspring |
| gene pool | all the genes of a certain species or group |
| alleles | genes |
| genetic drift | amish, egyptian pharohs, extrememly limited gene pool |
| speciation | evolution of new species |
| genetic equilibrium | alleles don't change drastically from one generation to the next |
| stabilizing selection | selection of the average |
| directional selection | selection of one extreme |
| radioactive decay | breakdown of radioactive isotopes |
| half life | time it takes for radioactive substance to disintegrate |
| first life on earth | 3.5 billion years ago, unicellular organisms |
| punctuated equilibrium | speciation occurs quickly with rapid bursts and long periods or genetic equilibrium in between |
| gradualism | species gradually build up new adaptations |
| hardy-weinburg principle | mutations, movement, non-random mating, genetic drift, natural selection |
| divergent evolution | species once similar become more distinct |
| convergent evolution | distantly related organisms evlove similar traits |
| coevolution | two species experience long term changes due to interactions with each other |
| homologous structures | similar between descendants |
| analogous structures | develop separately but perform similar functions |
| vestigial structures | body structure reduced in function now but once utilized by ancestors |
| taxonomy | kingdom, phylum, class, order, family genus, species |
| binomial nomeclature | Genus species |
| dichotomous key | set of paired statements that are used to identify organisms |
| phylogeny | evolutionary history of organisms |
| phylogenic tree | evolutionary relationships are displayed in a branching diagram |
| carolus linnaeus | created binomial nomeclature |
| cladogram | branching diagram forms y's based on shared characteristics |
| imprinting | behaviors imprinted in the mind |
| innate behavior | instinct; born with it |
| learned behavior | need to be taught |
| classical conditioning | using a stimulus to perform a behavior |
| operant conditioning | trial and error learning |
Created by:
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