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Micro Test notes 1
microbiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The study of what is too small to be seen with the naked eye | Microbiology |
| 100 B.C. first to suggest that microbes exist, and may cause disease | Lucretius |
| 1673 crude microscope 300x, "microbes are everywhere" | Antony Vanleeuwenhoek |
| 300 B.C. supported the concept of spontaneous generation, living things can develop from non living matter | Aristotle |
| 1668 First person to challenge the concept of spontaneous generation, observation of maggots on meat. | Francesco Redi |
| living things can only arise from pre-existing living cells | Biogenesis |
| 1673 said "microbes must originate from spontaneous generation" | Van Leeuwenhoek |
| 1745 Challenged spontaneous generation for microbes, observation of beef broth that turned cloudy. | John Needham |
| 1765 Improved Needhams experiment, with a conclusion of biogenesis although people did not believe him | Lazzaro Spallanzani |
| 1861 Improved Spallanzani's experiment, creator of the swan neked flask, conclusion biogenesis | Louis Pasteur |
| 1860 First indirect evidence that microbes may cause disease, observation of post surgical disease | Joseph Lister |
| 1876 First direct evidence that microbes cause disease | Robert Koch |
| Showed that the bacterium, bacillus anthraces, caused the disease anthrax | Joseph Lister |
| A set of rules/criteria for establishing a link between a disease and specific microbe | Koch's Postulates |
| 1796 Creator of the first known vaccination, observation of milkmaids and smallpox | Edward Jenner |
| 1880 studied cholera in chickens, concluded exposure to some disease provided protection against the fresh and strong bacteria | Pasteur and Chamberland |
| Coined the term vaccination in honor of jenner's work | Louis Pasteur |
| 1906 developed a drug to treat syphilis called "salvarsan" a derivative of arsenic | Paul Ehrlich |
| 1928 Studied staph and accidentally discovered penicillin | Alexander Fleming |
| Most microbes are classified as either | Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes |
| Before the kernel, lacks a true nucleus | Prokaryotes |
| True kernel has a true nucleus | Eukaryotes |
| Bacteria | Prokaryotes and no true nucleus |
| Fungi, algae, and protozoans | Eukaryotes and no true nucleus |
| Prokaryotic cell size | 0.2-2.0 nm in diameter |
| Cell shape Coccus | roughly spherical |
| Cell shape Bacillus | rod shaped |
| Cell shape Spirilla | rigid spirals |
| Cell shape Spirochetes | flexible spirals |
| Cell shape Vibrio | curved rod or bent |
| Cell shape Fusiform bacillus | rod shaped with tapered ends |
| Cell shape Coccobacillus | elongated spheres |
| cell arrangement Singles | cell separate and do not remain attached |
| cell arrangement Pairs | diplococcus |
| cell arrangement Chain | streptococcus |
| cell arrangement Packets of 4 cells | tetrods |
| cell arrangement Packets of 8,16, 32 cells in cubes | sarcinae |
| cell arrangement Random Clusters | Staphylococcus |
| cell arrangement Step like arrangement | palisades |
| colony characteristics are determined by | cell shape |
| Present in all prokaryotic cells that separates interior of the cells from exterior of the cells | plasma membrane |
| 2 basic components to plasma membrane | phospholipid bilayer, and proteins associated with bilayer |
| Phospholipid head | polar/hydrophilic |
| Fatty acid tails | non polar/hydrophobic |
| Functions of Plasma Membrane | site of metabolic reactions such as cellular resppiration,sence/gather information, and selectively permeable membrane |
| Passive Diffusion | movement from higher concentration (no energy required) to lower concentration, rate depends on concentration gradient. |
| Facilitated Diffusion | movement from higher concentration to lower concentration |
| Active transport | Movement from lower to higher concentration |
| An additional layer outside/exterior to the plasma membrane | cell wall |
| Cell wall | Functions are for protection, determines and maintains cell shape |
| Composed of many layers thick layers of peptidoglycan anchored by teichoic acid | Gram + |
| Composed of a relatively thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane | Gram - |
| Cells are less permeable more difficult for PCN to enter | Gram - |
| sugar shell, an additional layer outside/exterior to the cell wall not present in all prokaryotes, allows cell to attach/adhere to solid surfaces, protects cell from drying out, prevents cells from being engulfed by the immune system. Mostly polysacs | glycocalyx |
| Types of glycocalyx | Capsule= relatively thick, well organized and firmly attached to cell wall, with capsule comes disease. Slime layer= thin,not well organized and loosely attached to cell wall, typically attach to teeth. |
| Relatively short hair like extensions from the cell surface composed of a protein called pilin | Pili and Fimbriae |
| Pili | longer than fimbriae but less numerous |
| Fimbrae | shorter than pili, but more numerous |
| Relatively long hair like extensions from cell surface, usually many times the cell length | Flagella used for motility |
| Flagella | Basal body, hook, and filament |
| Motion of prokaryotic flagellum is by | rotation |
| Counterclockwise rotation of flagellum | propels cell forward "Run" |
| Clockwise rotation of flagellum | causes cell to stop or "tumble" |
| Average speed of flagellum | 2-10 body lengths per second |
| Flagellar arrangements Monotrichous | one flagellum |
| Flagellar arrangements Amphitrichous | one or more flagellum at both ends |
| Flagellar arrangements Lophotrichous | two or more flagella at one end |
| Flagellar arrangement Peritrichous | Many flagella all around |
| A mini dormant version of the cell, very resistant to harsh environments | Endospore |
| Fluid inside the cell composed primarily of water and also contains proteins, carbs, nucleic acid, salts, vitamins etc. | Cytoplasm |
| A structure composed of DNA usually a single circular DNA molecule that may contain up to 3500 genes, stores genetic info. | Nucleoid |
| Usually a small circular fragment of DNA containing 5-100 genes, instructions for protein synthesis. | Plasmids |
| Use information in nucleoid or plasmid to synthesize proteins. 2 locations free floating in the cytoplasm and associated in the plasma membrane. | Ribosomes |
| Aid the creation of proteins of fully functional proteins. Help fold or add necessary side groups to newly synthesized proteins. | Molecular Chaperons |
| Highly compacted aggregates diverse materials such as proteins glycogen, iron, phosphorus. Funtio is storage. | Granules or Inclusion Bodies |
| General differences from Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes | size, true nucleus, membrane buond organelles, complexity |
| composed of polysaccharides such as chitin, cellulose, glucan | Fungal Wall |
| Primarily composed of polyssaccharides such as cellulose, pectin | Algal Wall |
| usually lack a true exterior cell wall but may have a pellicle= composed of overlapping protein strips just inside the plasma membrane | Protozoan Wall |
| Types of Bulk transport | Exocytosis and Endocytosis |
| Bulk movement out of the cell | Exocytosis |
| Bulk movement into the cell. Solid materials=Phagocytosis, and liquids=pinocytosis | Endocytosis |
| Double-membrane, contains DNA of the cell usually linear molecules of DNA at least 3x the amount in prokaryotic cells | Nucleus |
| Use information from DNA to synthesize proteins, free floating in the cytoplasm used to create proteins inside the cell | Ribosome |
| an irregular network of membrane bound tubules and flattened sacs, used in packaging and distribution. | Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| Has ribosomes associated which packages proteins into membrane bound vesicles for distribution in the cell | Rough E.R. |
| Contains enzymes involved in the creation and degradation of lipids. Packages lipids in membrane bound vesicle for distribution in the cell | Smooth E.R. |
| Composed of flattened sacs called cisterne, receives vesicles from the E.R. modifies the contents into membrane bound vesicles for distribution | Golgi Apparatus |
| Membrane bound vesicles that may contain proteins, carbs, iron, water with dissolved salts. Function is storage. | Vacuole |
| Ways to create Vacuoles | Protein synthesis, and Endocytosis |
| Membrane bound vesicle contains digestive enzymes. | Lysosome |
| "Power house of the cell", generation of ATP through cellular respiration | Mitochondria |
| Use energy from light to create ATP through photosynthesis. | Chloroplast |
| Fiber Types | Microfilaments, Intermidiate filaments, and Microtubules |
| Smallest fibers composed of granular protein subunits called Actin. Function maintain cell shape and create motility by pseudopodia | Microfilaments |
| Composed of fibrous twisted proteins (e.g. keratin) rope-like | Intermidiate Filaments |
| Composed of globular protein subunits called tubulin which create hollow tubelike structure, intracellular movement of oraganelles "tracks", attachment site for DNA during cell division/replication, main structural component in cilia and flagella | Microtubules |
| Function of motility. Hairlike extesions from cell surface both of these contain microtubules. Movement by undulation | Cilia and Flagella |
| Shorter than Flagella, but very numerous usually all over cell surface. (20nm) | Cilia |
| Longer than cilia, but less numerous usually one to a few at one end of the cell. (100-200nm) | Flagella |
| An increase in cell components leads to and increase in cell size which leads to increase in cell number. | Growth |
| Microbial Growth in Eukaryotes | Mitosis |
| Microbial Groth in Prokaryotes | Binary Fission |
| Steps in Binary Fission | 1)Cell creates new cell structures.2)Copies DNA which moves to opposite ends of cell.3)Cell creates new plaska membrane & creates 2 daughter cells.4)Daughter cells may separate from one another or remain attached |
| Time required to complete one round of Binary Fission | Generation time (Doubling Time) |
| Batch Culture Pattern | 1)Lag phase.2)Exponential Phase.3)Sationary Phase.4)Death Phase |
| First portion of the growth curve.Always has this phase, Cells adjust to environment, cells build new cell components,cells are reparing damage caused during cell transfer | Lag Phase |
| Period of growth with maximum rate of cell number. Cells are most uniform during this phase, best use for experiments/study | Exponential Phase |
| Period of growth with no significant change, nutrients become limited, space becomes limited, waste begins to accumulate.Endospores would be created during this phase. #of cell deaths is = to cell division. | Stationary Phase |
| Final portion of the growth phase, complete lack/depletion of nutrients, waste products become toxic to cells | Death Phase |
Created by:
Hector1006
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