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Blood - ch. 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Functions of Blood | 1. Transportation 2. Regulation 3. Protection |
| Amount of blood a person has | 4 to 6 liters |
| Viscosity | Thickness or resistance to flow. Blood really is thicker than water. 3 to 5 times. |
| Arterial blood is ___ and why | bright red. It is coming FROM the heart, so it contains more oxygen. |
| Venous blood is ___ and why | darker, dull red color. It is going TO the heart, so it has given up most of its oxygen. |
| Normal pH of blood | 7.35 to 7.45 Venous blood has lower due to presence of more carbon dioxide. |
| Plasma is composed of mostly _________. | Water (91%). The solvent ability of water enables plasma to transport many types of substances. |
| The 4 Components of blood (list from most to least) | 1.Plasma(55%) 2.RBCs(41%) 3.WBCs(3%) 4.Platelets(1%) |
| Plasma Proteins (4 of them) | 1.Prothrombin 2.Fibrinogen 3.Albumin 4.Globulins |
| Prothrombin & Fibrinogen are found in ____ and are important for _______ | Blood plasma. blood clotting |
| Albumin is the most _____plasma protein and is important for maintaining_______and_______.Also,contributes to ______pressure of blood which affects movement of fluid from tissues to capillaries. | abundant. blood volume and blood pressure. Osmotic pressure. |
| Erythrocytes | Red Blood Cells |
| Leukocytes | White Blood Cells |
| Thrombocytes | Platelets |
| Alpha & Beta Globulins carry____molecules.Gamma Globulins are_____which are important for _______. | fat molecules. antibodies. immunity. |
| RBCs | Only human cells without nuclei.(when mature) |
| RBCs look like | biconcave discs.(round & center thinner than edges) |
| This gives RBCs the ability to carry oxygen. It is a _____. | hemoglobin (Hb). it's a protein. |
| Blood cells are produced from____ in____tissue which is the _________ in flat & irregular bones. | stem cells in hemopoietic tissue -- red bone marrow |
| Normal hematocrit = ________. Hematocrit is a method to ___________. | 38-48% (expressed as a %). count RBCs. |
| Iron (FE) | Essential to formation of Hb. There are 4 atoms of iron in each molecule of Hb. Also makes RBCs red. |
| How is most carbon dioxide transported? | as BICARBONATE IONS in the blood plasma. |
| Normal Hemoglobin | 12-18gm/100ml |
| Hemocytoblasts | stem cells of the red bone marrow. |
| Erythropoietin | hormone produced by the kidneys which stimulates the red bone marrow to increase production of RBCs. |
| Major regulating factor in RBC production = | Oxygen. |
| The vitamins folic acid & B-12 are required for DNA synthesis of _______ | stem cells in the red bone marrow. |
| Vitamin B-12 is called the______because | extrinsic factor because its source is external (our food). |
| Intrinsic factor is produced in | the stomach lining. |
| Approximate life span of RBCs | 120 days. |
| Organs that contain macrophages (big eaters) | liver, spleen, red bone marrow. |
| ______is released when RBCs are destroyed.Name the 2 things/places it can go. | Iron. 1.recycled back to red bone marrow to be used for synthesis of new HgB. 2.excess stored in the liver. |
| Heme | waste product of the hemoglobin molecule. Can not be recycled. |
| Macrophages convert heme to ____.It then circulates to the ____ before being secreted as ____to the small intestine and finally eliminated in feces. | bilirubin. liver. bile. |
| The antigens on RBCs are located | on the red blood cell MEMBRANE |
| The blood plasma of Type A has what anti-bodies? Type B? Type AB? Type O? | anti-B. anti-A. neither. both. |
| Which globulin is synthesized by leukocytes | Gamma. All the others are synthesized by the liver. |
| Rh factor | Sometimes referred to as D. another antigen |
| Rh + | Rh antigen is present. |
| Rh - | Rh antigen is not present. Also, no natural antibodies to the Rh antigen present. |
| WBC are larger or smaller than RBC? Describe the nucleus. | Larger. Nuclei can be 1 piece or segments (lobes) |
| Granular leukocytes are distinguished by their nucleus. How so? | Nuclei in 2 or more lobes or segments |
| Name the granular leukocytes | 1.Neutrophils 2.Eosinophils 3.Basophils |
| Name the agranular leukocytes | 1.lymphocytes 2.monocytes |
| What do agranular leukocyte nuclei look like? | Nuclei in one piece |
| Neutrophils | type of WBC produced in bone marrow. Phagocytize pathogens.referred to as "segs" by lab people.elevation = infection |
| Eosinophils | WBC that identify & destroy foreign pathogens.elevation = parasites or allergic reaction. |
| Basophils | WBC that deals with allergic reaction & inflammatory response. Release heparin & histamine. |
| Heparin | anticoagulant. Does not 'thin' the blood, but rather prevents a chemical reaction from taking place. |
| Histamine | makes capillaries more permeable, allowing tissue fluid, proteins, & WBCs to accumulate in damaged area. |
| Lymphocytes | WBCs for immunity. T cells & B cells. |
| T cells | lymphocytes that recognize & destroy foreign cells |
| B cells | lymphocytes involved in production of antibodies to foreign antigens. |
| Monocytes | WBC produce in LYMPHATIC system! Phagocytize pathogens (like neutrophils-only different)Are the more efficient phagocytes. they can differenciate into macrophages (big eaters) |
| Leukocytes (WBC) function where? | In tissue fluid as well as blood |
| Leukocytosis | elevated WBC -- indicates infection |
| Leukopenia | low WBC -- susceptible to infection |
| Differential Blood Count | the % of each kind of WBC |
| Platelets come from broken up ______ | megakaryocytes |
| Thrombopoietin | hormone produced by the LIVER that increases rate of platelet production. |
| Normal Platelet count = | 150,000 to 300,000 |
| Function of Platelets | prevention of blood loss (hemostasis) |
| 3 Mechanisms in clot formation | 1.Vascular Spasm 2.Platelet Plugs 3.Chemical Clotting |
| Fibrin | thread-like protein. clots made of it. |
| Thrombus | A blood clot inside an intact vessel. |
| Embolism | A blood clot transported from another location. "traveling" clot. |
| Function of the heart | To pump blood from the heart, through arteries, capillaries, and veins. |
| The heart is located in the_______between the ____. This area is called the ________. | thoracic cavity -- lungs. Mediastinum. |
| The heart is enclosed in the ___________. | Pericardial membranes. |
| The 3 layers of the pericardial membranes | 1.fibrous pericardium 2.parietal pericardium 3.visceral pericardium (epicardium) |
Created by:
glpetroski
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