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lecture 233 final
final for lecture
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mouth: Physical d., Chem D, nutrient diffusion, ph, enzymes, substrates | Physical, chemical, no nutrient, neutral, Salivary Amylase:Lingual Lipase, Starches>sugar and lipids>fatty acids |
| esophagus: Physical d., Chem D, nutrient diffusion, ph, enzymes, substrates | no, no, no, neutral, none none |
| Stomach: Physical d., Chem D, nutrient diffusion, ph, enzymes, substrates | physical, chemical, no, acidic, pepsin, protein>amino acids |
| small intestines: Physical d., Chem D, nutrient diffusion, ph, enzymes, substrates | physical, chemical, nutrients diffision, basic, seperate flash card |
| Large intestine: Physical d., Chem D, nutrient diffusion, ph, enzymes, substrates | no, no, water, neutral, none, none |
| Mouth enzymes source, enzyme, product | salivary gland, amylase, starch>Sugar: Tongue, Lingual Lipase, Lipid>fatty acid |
| stomach enzymes source, enzyme, product 1 | stomach, pepsin, Protein>amino acids |
| stomach enzymes source, enzyme, product 2 | infant stomach, Rennin, curdles milk>amino acids |
| stomach enzymes source, enzyme, product 3 | stomach, gastric lipase, lipids>fatty acid |
| small intestine, enzymes source, enzyme, product 1 | pancreas, pancreatic amylase, starch>sugar |
| small intestine, enzymes source, enzyme, product 2 | small intestine (brush border), Maltose, beer/sugar>glucose |
| small intestine, enzymes source, enzyme, product 3 | Small intestine, lactase, milk sugar>glucose |
| small intestine, enzymes source, enzyme, product 4 | small intestine, sucrase, sugar>glucose |
| small intestine, enzymes source, enzyme, product 5 | pancreas, trypsin, protein>amino acids |
| small intestine, enzymes source, enzyme, product 6 | small intestine, carboxypeptinase, protein>amino acids |
| small intestine, enzymes source, enzyme, product 7 | pancreas, pancraetic lipase, fat>fatty acids |
| cephalo-gastric (who is talking to who and action) | head talking to stomach, starts the stomach (churning) |
| gastro-enteric (who is talking to who and action) | Stomach to small intestine, make room>push food down tubes>open pyloric valve |
| enter-gastric (who is talking to who and action) | small intestine to stomach, stop pushing and close pyloric valve |
| gastro-illiac (who is talking to who and action) | stomach to large intestine, make room or go poop, open ilocical valve. |
| Gastrin action and reflex | activate stomach, cephalo-gastric reflex |
| cck action and reflex | stops the stomach and releases bile, entrogastric reflex |
| secretin action and reflex | releases a buffer, entrogastric reflex |
| location and function of bile | made in liver, stored in gall bladder, soap |
| Order of air going in | nose>Pharynx>Larynx>Trachea>bronchi>Lung>aveoli>blood |
| Inhale steps | Diaphragm contracts, moves down>plural cavity expands>reduces pressure inside plural cavity>air goes in because of difusion, pressure less in lungs than outside lungs |
| what makes carbonic acid | carbonic anhydrase |
| which dictates breath, O2 or CO2 | CO2 |
| Supply and Demand of oxygen unloading | the less oxygen at tissue means more unloading of oxygen from RBC |
| When the curve shifts to the .... you get more unloading | right |
| responses to breathing 1 and 2 | 1. high co2 levels. 2. low O2 levels |
| factors that lead to more oxygen unloading and direction graph shifts | higher temp, co2, acid and shifts right |
| glycolysis | split sugar |
| glucose is... | 6 carbon sugar |
| aerobic metabolism | 1) glycolysis >2 pyruvates + 4 ATP + 2NADH. 2) Krebs cycle. 2 Acytel COA> 4 CO2 + 6 NADh + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP. 3) 6 NADH and 2 FADH> 32 to 34 ATP + H2O |
| Genesis | create. Absorptive state |
| lysis | breakdown. Post absorptive state |
| Post absorptive state facts | when we are out of food, using reserves of fat (lipidsysis) and sugar (glycogenlysis). When burning fat reserves you get keytone bodies. |
| Absorptive state facts | 1 hour after eating. filter and process, make energy, store reserve. |
| water soluble vitamins | B C non storable |
| fat soluble vitamins | D E K A storable |
| diarrhea is.. | when the sm. intestines are not absorbing |
| constipation is... | when the sm. intestines is absorbing to much |
| fiber is.... | plant cell wall, cellulose, wood, not digestible, stretches the intestines. |
| where is b12 made | large intestines by ecoli |
| what is the urinary system | cleaning out waste from blood |
| urine pathway | kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra |
| kidney pathway | 1) filtration , by size, from blood to nephron. 2)re-absorption nephron to blood. 3)secretion from blood to nephron. |
| what is GFR | the amount of stuff flowing to/through kidneys |
| short term bp control | constricts afferent arteriole to let less blood into the kidney |
| long term bp control | monitored by the juxtaglomerular apparatus |
| channels to reabsorb | glucose, sodium, bicarbonate, amino acids/peptochannels, water |
| when the blood/water level is high... | ADH closes the channels to stop reabsorption |
| when blood salt level is low | alderstone builds channels to reabsorb salt |
| when blood sugar levels are high... | closes insulin channels |
| seminal vesicles | makes sugar (energy), Buffer (reduces acidity), clotting agent (makes sperm cloppy |
| prostate makes | activates sperm, starts them swiming, Plasmin (unclotter (5 minute delay) |
| bulbourethral gland makes... | mucus to remove old urine |
| ghrh are... | releasing hormones. Gonadotropic. Means they direct the the antierior pituitary gland to produce fsh or lh. |
| lh is | Luetinizing hormone. Makes testosterone |
| FSH is | folicle stimulating hormone. Directs testes to make sperm |
| making eggs timeline | starts before birth, pauses until puberty and stops at menapause |
| Graph of too much testosterone | gnrh down> lh down> lower testosterone |
| Graph of too little testosterone | gnrh up> lh up> up testosterone |
| inhibin | brain stops fsh from secreting |
| time space between ovulation and period | 2 weeks |
| when estrogen or progestrogen peakes | either releases egg or stops making eggs |
| when estrogen or progestrogen is super low | makes new egg |
| Testes | Hormone production (internal) |
| epididymis | sperm school, duct system (internal) |
| scrotum | temp control, sac carrying the testes (external) |
| vas deferns | carrying sperm, duct for seminal fluid, (internal) |
| seminal vesicles | produce seminal fluid, (internal) |
| Prostate Gland | secretes milky fluid activates sperm (internal) |
| Bulbourethral gland | produces thick/clean, alkalilne mucus (internal) |
| penis | dleivers sperm, urination, hobby (external) |
| coorpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum | where blood goes during erection (external) |
| oVARIES | makes eggs, estrogen |
| fallopian tubes | carries eggs |
| uterus | houses fetus, menstration |
| cervix | gatekeeper, muscles, opening for uterus, lube of mucus |
| vagina | intercourse, birth canal |
| vestibular glands | provides lube during sex |
| labia majora/minora | protection |
| clitoris | highly sensative material |
| Sex chromosomes male | xy |
| Sex chromosomes female | xx |
| Predominant hormone for male | testosterone |
| predominant hormone for female | projestrogen and estrogen |
| gonads and gametes made (male) | teste3s, spermie |
| gonads and gametes made (female) | ovaries, oocytes |
| internal genitals Male | prostate, glands |
| internal genitals female | uterus,, ovaries |
| external gentials male | penis, sack |
| external genitals female | vulva, labia |
| chromosomal sex of child is determined by what | genes from your parents |
| what determines the physical sex of child | hormones |
| Wolffian ducts... | In females they disintegrate. In males they become the vas deferens, epididymis and seminal visicles |
| Mullerian ducts... | they disenigrate in males and females became the oviduct , uterus and the upper part of the vagina |
| default biological sex | female |
| if testes are removed sex is... | female (mullerian ducts) |
| if testes are removed and testosterone is injected sex is... | male and female parts |
| normale male + anti testosterone | no parts |
| sry gene | malesness factor in Y gene |
| abstinence inturrupts | fertilization |
| spermicide inturrupts | sperm motility |
| condoms inturrupts | fertilization |
| oral contraceptives, depo, norplant inturrupts | ovulation/oogenesis |
| withdrawl (pullout) inturrupts | fertilization |
| natural family planning inturrupts | ovulation |
| iud inturrupts | implantation |
| vasectomy or tubal ligation inturrupts | fertilization |
| what contraceptives are hormonal agonists | the pill, depo, norplant (increase progestron) |
| what contraceptives are hormonal antagonists | none |
| icf= | Intracellular fluid or liquid in cell (water can leave but not the solutes |
| ecf= | extracellular fluid or everything outside the cell. |
| ECF types | lymph, intestitial fluid, plasma |
| where can fluid go (rule | all ecf are equally permeable and all icf stay isolated |
| Adh rule | holds on to water by not peeing |
| Aldersterone rule | holds on to salt and water follows |
| carbonic acid buffer system equation | CO2 + H2O >< H2CO3 >< H+ + HCO3- |
| respiratory side of carbonic equation | CO2 + H2O |
| renal side of carbonic equation | H+ + HCO3- |
| buffer in carbonic equation | H2CO3 |
| A shift show the direction... | the equation moved. Renal or Respiratory |
| short term buffering is which side of the carbonic equation | respiratory |
| long term buffering is which side of the carbonic equation | renal |
| if the body is basic it is... | alkalosis |
| if the body is acidic it is... | acidosis |
| the two types of acidosis | metabolic and respiratory |
| the two types of alkalosis | metabolic and respiratory |
| Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis are caused by | things having to do with eating or body type stuff |
| respiratory acidosis and alkalosis are caused by | things having to do with the lungs or breathing |
| acidosis caused by extra ??? or deficient ??? | extra H+ or deficient in HCO3- |
| acid formula is... | H+ |
| base formula is... | HCO3- |
| rule for determining type of acidosis or alkalosis and which side of equation | am i gaining or losing acid or base and is it from breathing or not. |
| CO2 normal value | 40 |
| O2 normal value | 100 |
| base normal value | 24-27 |
| egg blocking types | fast block (electrical block) slow block (makes a membrane) |
| naming timeline | conception (weeks 1-3), embryo (weeks 3-8), fetus (weeks 9+) |
| placenta mmade by... | embryo in week 4 |
| placenta made from.... | yolk sac and allantois |
| placenta makes.... | hormone HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin, baby hormone) to keep progesterone up |
| HCG function | keeps corpus luteum in tact, keeps progesterone up, keeps uterus bloody |
| reproductive hormones to know | placental lactogen, placental relaxin, prolactin, oxytosin |
| placental lactogen function | increase mammary glands |
| placental relaxin function | weakens cartilage (pubic symphisis) |
| prolactin location and function | anterior pituitary gland, makes milk |
| oxytosin | hypothalamus, releasing milk |
| genetics from start to finish | dna in nucleus> transcription> rna in cytoplasm> translation> (to amino acids)> makes protien (in rough er) >enzymes, keratin, melanin (TRAITS) |
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