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final lab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| haha | haah |
| Blood flow in kidney | renal artery>segmental artery>lobar artery>interlobar artery>arcuate artery |
| glomerulus | is where the initial filtration of water, urea and salts happens in the bowman￢ﾀﾙs capsule that surrounds the glomerulus |
| pct | is where water, salt, glucose and potassium are reabsorbed & where h+ and ammonia are secreted into filtrate |
| descending loop of henle | is where water is reabsorbed |
| ascending loop of henle | first passively reabsorbed salt into the filtrate & second actively secreted salt into the filtrate |
| dct | sodium, bicarbonate and water are reabsorbed into the cortex & potassium and hydrogen are secreted into the filtrate |
| macula densa | live and detect low water volume in the filtrate. They send message to the juxtagloberular cells to produce renin. |
| internal sphincter | hold the neck of the bladder in place and is under involuntary control |
| external sphincter | keeps the urine in the bladder and is under voluntary control |
| Renal pathway | from afferent artery>glomerulus>bowmans capsule>decending loop of henle>ascending Loop of henle>distal convoluted tube>collecting duct>renal papilla>minor calyx>major calyx>the renal pelvis>ureter>bladder>urethra |
| keytones | normal in small amounts. Excessive amounts indicate abnormal metabolic processes (excessive fat burning) |
| urobilinogen | gives feces its brown color. Absences of urobilinogen indicates renal disease or obstruction of bile flow in the liver. Increased levels are hepatitis A cirrhosis |
| phosphate | excess can point to a bone disorder |
| Turbidity | clear, slightly cloudy, cloudy, opaque, or flocculent. Normally, fresh urine is clear to very slightly cloudy causes for excess material increased cells (RBC, WBC), numerous crystals, bacteria |
| specific gravity | water starts at 1.000. urine has solutes so...1.001 to 1.030 is normal. 1.001 is very diluted |
| rbcs | when there are rbcs it is a problem. kidney stones, infection or tumors of urinary tracts |
| wbcs | presences means inflammation of urinary tract |
| casts | hardened cell fragments. |
| haploid | half the normal compliment of chromosomes. Or SEx cell chromosomes. |
| diploid | 23 pairs of homologues chromosomes |
| tetrad | a set of 4 chromatids |
| synapsis | the making of a homologues pair |
| dyad | sister chromatids |
| chromosome | a set of chromatids holding all the genetic information for zygote. |
| centromere | holds chromatids together |
| spermatogonium | primitive stem cells for making sperm located at the tubule periphery (outside building in) |
| Primary spermatocyte | destined to undergo meiosis. These cells grow towards the lumen of the tubules |
| Secondary spermatocyte | after the first meiosis. dna doesnt replicate after this |
| spermatids | soon to grow into sperm after spermiogenesis (or striping the extraneous cytoplasm) |
| lydig (interstitial) cells | Outside tubules and release testosterone |
| sertoli (sustentacular) cells | inside the cells, nuturing caring, squished, longish |
| acrosome | helmet of sperm, has digestive enzyme that eats teh outer layer of the ovum |
| midpiece | middle of sperm, had mitochondria used for energy |
| tail of sperm | used to whip around for energy |
| oogonium | egg stem cell |
| primary oocyte | the prophase of meiosis I (growth phase) |
| primordial follicles | 1st follicle, squamous single layer cells |
| primary folicle | 2nd follicle when it changes to cuboidal cells, produces estrogens |
| secondary oocyte | after the first meiosis division the daughter cells are produced. This one and another one very small called a polar body |
| ovum | only an ovum and not a secondary oocyte when the sperm penetrates |
| graafian follicle | where the egg is connected to the follicle at the top or any other place having a space in the follicle |
| antrum | space between egg and inside of the outside of the graafian follicle |
| zona pellucida | space between the egg and the granulosa cells |
| granulosa cells | surrounds the egg in the graffian follicle |
| corona radiata | when the egg comes out of the ovary |
| Embryonic stages to know | Fertilization, zygote, cleavage, morula, blastula, implantation, gastrulation, organogenesis |
| fertilization | when the sperm penetrates the oocyte |
| zygote | fertilized egg |
| cleavage | splitting into smaller blastomeres. 2, 4, 8, 16 cell stages |
| morula | at 32 cell stage, 3 days (rasberry) |
| blastula | when cell empties out, 4 days |
| implantation | when blastocyte attaches and inserts itself into the uterus |
| gastrulation | cell layer creation with endo, meso, ecto derms. organ creation (3 weeks |
| organogenesis | organ creation, 3.5 weeks |
| blastomeres | cells in the cleavage stage |
| inner cell mass | mass of cells at bottom of rasberry |
| trophoblast | line of cells around blastocyte cavity (base of cell) |
| chorion | interior of placenta |
| decidua basalis | the base cells at the base of the big fingers of the placenta |
| decidua capsularis | flat base (cap) of placenta |
| chorionic villi | big fingers of placenta |
| fetal placenta | the after birth placenta that comes out after milo was born |
| maternal placenta | space or spot baby was glued into (in the uterus) |
| yolk sac | yellow (depending on model) passes nutrients |
| allantois | jutts off yolk sac and becomes the umbilical cord |
| amnion | sac or lining baby lives in |
| amnionic fluid | fluid baby lives in |
| umbilical cord | place where nutrients get to baby |
| umbilical artery | away from baby heart to placenta (2 ARTERIES) |
| umbilical vein | to baby heart from placenta (1 VEIN) |
| endoderm | stomach, intestines, heart (deep layer) |
| mesoderm | muscles, bones (middle layer |
| ectoderm | skin, nerves (most superficial level) |
| monohybrid | cross between heterozygous parents |
| dihybrid | cross between heterozygous offspring with 2 traits |
| gamete | sex cells |
| genotype | actual genetic make up |
| phenotype | expression of the genotype/usually visible in some way |
| f1 | my kids |
| f2 | my grandkids |
| p1 | parents (me) |
| homozygous | when both alleles express trait same way |
| heterozygous | when both alleles express trait differently |
| dominant | allele with more potency and/or power |
| rescessive | less potent allele, still present but not expressed |
| sex linked | genes present only on x chromosome |
| autosome | the 22 non-sex chromosomes |
| sex chromosome | the 23rd pair of chromosome |
| allele | gene coding on homologous pair location |
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