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final lab
Question | Answer |
---|---|
haha | haah |
Blood flow in kidney | renal artery>segmental artery>lobar artery>interlobar artery>arcuate artery |
glomerulus | is where the initial filtration of water, urea and salts happens in the bowman¬タルs capsule that surrounds the glomerulus |
pct | is where water, salt, glucose and potassium are reabsorbed & where h+ and ammonia are secreted into filtrate |
descending loop of henle | is where water is reabsorbed |
ascending loop of henle | first passively reabsorbed salt into the filtrate & second actively secreted salt into the filtrate |
dct | sodium, bicarbonate and water are reabsorbed into the cortex & potassium and hydrogen are secreted into the filtrate |
macula densa | live and detect low water volume in the filtrate. They send message to the juxtagloberular cells to produce renin. |
internal sphincter | hold the neck of the bladder in place and is under involuntary control |
external sphincter | keeps the urine in the bladder and is under voluntary control |
Renal pathway | from afferent artery>glomerulus>bowmans capsule>decending loop of henle>ascending Loop of henle>distal convoluted tube>collecting duct>renal papilla>minor calyx>major calyx>the renal pelvis>ureter>bladder>urethra |
keytones | normal in small amounts. Excessive amounts indicate abnormal metabolic processes (excessive fat burning) |
urobilinogen | gives feces its brown color. Absences of urobilinogen indicates renal disease or obstruction of bile flow in the liver. Increased levels are hepatitis A cirrhosis |
phosphate | excess can point to a bone disorder |
Turbidity | clear, slightly cloudy, cloudy, opaque, or flocculent. Normally, fresh urine is clear to very slightly cloudy causes for excess material increased cells (RBC, WBC), numerous crystals, bacteria |
specific gravity | water starts at 1.000. urine has solutes so...1.001 to 1.030 is normal. 1.001 is very diluted |
rbcs | when there are rbcs it is a problem. kidney stones, infection or tumors of urinary tracts |
wbcs | presences means inflammation of urinary tract |
casts | hardened cell fragments. |
haploid | half the normal compliment of chromosomes. Or SEx cell chromosomes. |
diploid | 23 pairs of homologues chromosomes |
tetrad | a set of 4 chromatids |
synapsis | the making of a homologues pair |
dyad | sister chromatids |
chromosome | a set of chromatids holding all the genetic information for zygote. |
centromere | holds chromatids together |
spermatogonium | primitive stem cells for making sperm located at the tubule periphery (outside building in) |
Primary spermatocyte | destined to undergo meiosis. These cells grow towards the lumen of the tubules |
Secondary spermatocyte | after the first meiosis. dna doesnt replicate after this |
spermatids | soon to grow into sperm after spermiogenesis (or striping the extraneous cytoplasm) |
lydig (interstitial) cells | Outside tubules and release testosterone |
sertoli (sustentacular) cells | inside the cells, nuturing caring, squished, longish |
acrosome | helmet of sperm, has digestive enzyme that eats teh outer layer of the ovum |
midpiece | middle of sperm, had mitochondria used for energy |
tail of sperm | used to whip around for energy |
oogonium | egg stem cell |
primary oocyte | the prophase of meiosis I (growth phase) |
primordial follicles | 1st follicle, squamous single layer cells |
primary folicle | 2nd follicle when it changes to cuboidal cells, produces estrogens |
secondary oocyte | after the first meiosis division the daughter cells are produced. This one and another one very small called a polar body |
ovum | only an ovum and not a secondary oocyte when the sperm penetrates |
graafian follicle | where the egg is connected to the follicle at the top or any other place having a space in the follicle |
antrum | space between egg and inside of the outside of the graafian follicle |
zona pellucida | space between the egg and the granulosa cells |
granulosa cells | surrounds the egg in the graffian follicle |
corona radiata | when the egg comes out of the ovary |
Embryonic stages to know | Fertilization, zygote, cleavage, morula, blastula, implantation, gastrulation, organogenesis |
fertilization | when the sperm penetrates the oocyte |
zygote | fertilized egg |
cleavage | splitting into smaller blastomeres. 2, 4, 8, 16 cell stages |
morula | at 32 cell stage, 3 days (rasberry) |
blastula | when cell empties out, 4 days |
implantation | when blastocyte attaches and inserts itself into the uterus |
gastrulation | cell layer creation with endo, meso, ecto derms. organ creation (3 weeks |
organogenesis | organ creation, 3.5 weeks |
blastomeres | cells in the cleavage stage |
inner cell mass | mass of cells at bottom of rasberry |
trophoblast | line of cells around blastocyte cavity (base of cell) |
chorion | interior of placenta |
decidua basalis | the base cells at the base of the big fingers of the placenta |
decidua capsularis | flat base (cap) of placenta |
chorionic villi | big fingers of placenta |
fetal placenta | the after birth placenta that comes out after milo was born |
maternal placenta | space or spot baby was glued into (in the uterus) |
yolk sac | yellow (depending on model) passes nutrients |
allantois | jutts off yolk sac and becomes the umbilical cord |
amnion | sac or lining baby lives in |
amnionic fluid | fluid baby lives in |
umbilical cord | place where nutrients get to baby |
umbilical artery | away from baby heart to placenta (2 ARTERIES) |
umbilical vein | to baby heart from placenta (1 VEIN) |
endoderm | stomach, intestines, heart (deep layer) |
mesoderm | muscles, bones (middle layer |
ectoderm | skin, nerves (most superficial level) |
monohybrid | cross between heterozygous parents |
dihybrid | cross between heterozygous offspring with 2 traits |
gamete | sex cells |
genotype | actual genetic make up |
phenotype | expression of the genotype/usually visible in some way |
f1 | my kids |
f2 | my grandkids |
p1 | parents (me) |
homozygous | when both alleles express trait same way |
heterozygous | when both alleles express trait differently |
dominant | allele with more potency and/or power |
rescessive | less potent allele, still present but not expressed |
sex linked | genes present only on x chromosome |
autosome | the 22 non-sex chromosomes |
sex chromosome | the 23rd pair of chromosome |
allele | gene coding on homologous pair location |