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Chapter 6
properties of water
| Question | Answer | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covalent bonds (Molecular bonds) | a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. | They hold water molecules together | ||
| How are covalent bonds formed? | they form when electrons are shared between atoms | |||
| What makes a water molecule electrically asymmetrical? | Angular Shape | |||
| water molecules have: | a positive (+) and a negative (-) end | |||
| Why is water polar? | because it behaves like a magnet | |||
| What allows water to easily dissolve? | Waters polarity | |||
| How does water polarity do its thing? | by attracting the opposite charge in other compounds and separating it into it component elements | |||
| Which particle ends attract which? | The (+) end attracts the (-) end and vice versa | |||
| What does waters polar nature permit? | it allows the attraction other water molecules | |||
| Hydrogen Bond | the attraction between the hydrogen of one water molecule and the oxygen on another | |||
| Waters ability to form multiple hydrogen bonds accounts for | many of its special properties | Such as: Cohesion, Adhesion, and water blue color | ||
| Cohesion | allows individual water moleules to stick to each other | |||
| Surface Tension | a surface skin capable of supporting needles, paper clips, and walking insects | Cohesion accounts for water high surface tension | ||
| What does Cohesion explain? | why water droplets bead together on a smooth surface | |||
| Adehsion | the tendency of water to stick to other material | enables water to adhere to other solids or make them wet | ||
| H2O/glass is stronger than | cohesive forces between H2O molecules | |||
| capillary action | the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, or even in opposition to, external forces like gravity. | |||
| Heat | energy produced by the random vibrations of atoms or molecules | |||
| Heat is | the measure of how many are vibrating and how fast they are vibrating | |||
| Temperature | records only how fast the molecules are vibrating | its an object response to an input or removal of heat | ||
| Heat capcity | a measure of the heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1c | not all substances respond to identical inputs of heat by rising in temperature the same # of degrees | ||
| waters heat capacity | exceptionally high, it resists changing temperatures | |||
| ammonia | the only substance to have a higher heat capacity than water | |||
| linear temperature | density relationship | most substances become progressively denser as they get colder | ||
| water | is unique | |||
| upon cooling, water | becomes denser, slows, becomes slightly less dense as cooling continues, and starts to freeze | |||
| through transition from water to ice | density decreases abruptly | this is why ice floats | ||
| why does the density of water decrease as it approaches its freezing point? | because the hydrogen bonds become more rigid, causing them to become wider (hexagonal pattern), and expand | |||
| sensible heat | can be sensed by a temperature change measurable on a thermometer | |||
| non sensible heat | known as latent | latent applies to heat input that does not cause a temperature change but does produce a cange of state (as from liquid to gas or vice versa) | ||
| thermal inertia | waters tendency to resist change is temperature | |||
| the ocean does | not boil or freeze solid because heat is transported by oceanic and atmosphere circulation from the tropics to the poles | |||
| Movements of water vapors: | the sun heats the ocean causing it to evaporate | new water vapor is then used in cloud formation | water vapor turns into rain usually at a distance from initial evaporation | ex: ocean surface evaporates near cuba, H2O vapor is moved by winds to canada, the same H2O condenses in a rainstorm a week later |
| density of seawater is affected by | temperature, salinity, and pressure | |||
| density increases with | increasing salinity, increasing pressure, and decreasing temperature | |||
| surface zone | the upper layer of the ocean, containing the least dense water | the surface zone is only about 2% of total ocean volume | ||
| pycnocline | a zone in which density increases with depth, containing about 18% of all ocean water | |||
| deep zone | contains about 80% of all ocean water | there is little change in density throughout this layer | ||
| surface zone consists | of water in contact with the atmosphere and exposed to sunlight | it contains the oceans least dense water | ||
| pycnocline zone | protects deep water from surface circulation so that they are not affected by surface condition | |||
| deep zone | consists of cold, dense water, about 80% of total ocean volume | |||
| pycnocline | zone in which density increases with depth | it consists of: | thermocline, where density increase is due to a decrease in temperature | halocline, where the density increase is due to an increase in salinity |
| sound and light both travel in waves: | refraction- the bending of waves, which occurs when waves travel from one medium to another | refractive index, a ratio that expresses how much light is refracted from one medium to another | ||
| refraction index of seawater | greater than freshwater | |||
| salinity increases | so does the refraction incdex | |||
| sunlight | does not travel well in the ocean | |||
| How are compounds formed? | When there are 2 or more elements contained in a molecule | Water (H2O) and Carbon Dioxide (C02) ~ Compounds | ||
| latent heat of fusion | allows ice to absorb large amounts of heat when it begins melting without changing in temperature | only after all the ice has melted will the temperature change this is why ice is so effective at cooling drinks | ||
| latent heat of vaporization | refers to the amount of heat energy required to break the hydrogen bonds that keep water in liquid state, allowing it to go into the gas state | water has the highest L.H.V of any known substance |
Created by:
loneblackwolf
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