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Pediatric Nursing
Module 1 & 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What refers to an increase in size of the whole or its parts? | Growth |
| What refers to function and the gradual process of change and differentiation, from simple to complex? | Development |
| What proceeds from the head toward the feet? | Cephalocaudal |
| What originates in the center and moves towards the outside? | Proximodistal |
| Prenatal | Conception to birth |
| Newborn (neonate) | Birth to 4 weeks |
| Infant | 4 weeks to 1 year |
| Toddler | 1-3 years |
| Preschool | 3-6 years |
| School Age | 6-12 years |
| Adolescence | 12-21 years |
| What doubles by 5-6 months and triples by 1 year? | Birth weight |
| What area of young children is far greater in relation to body weight than that of an adult? | Body Surface area |
| What makes it possible to compare the measurement for any one child with those of other children of the same age, gender, and race? | Standards |
| What is used to estimate a healthy body weight for an individual base on height and to indirectly measure body fat percentage to determine obesity or underweight status? | BMI - Body Mass Index |
| What is the formula for figuring BMI | [weight(pounds)/(height x height)(inches)] x 703 |
| What has bearing on development? | Ordinal position; whether a child is first, middle, or last |
| What are influenced by the prenatal environment? | Newborns |
| Who created Hierarchy of Needs? | Maslow |
| What must be met before higher ones can be met? | Lower levels on hierarchy of needs |
| Who created Stages of Psychosocial Development? | Erickson |
| Trust vs. Mistrust | Infancy (birth-1yr) |
| Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt | Toddler (1-3yr) |
| Initiative vs. Guilt | Preschool (3-6yr) |
| Industry vs. Inferiority | School Age (6-12yr) |
| Identity vs. Role Diffusion/Confusion | Adolescence (12-21yr) |
| What is a good activity for a 7 year old? | Puzzle |
| Who created Stages of Cognitive Development? | Piaget |
| Sensorimotor | Birth-2yr |
| Preoperational | 2-7yr |
| Perceptual | 4-7yr |
| Concrete Operations | 7-11yr |
| Formal Operational | 11-16yr |
| Who created Stages of Moral Development | Kohlberg |
| What is the business of children? | Play |
| Play is important for learning and helps develops what? | Physical growth, cognitive growth, emotional growth, social growth, and self awareness |
| Who is the advocate, educator, and collaborator in a family-centered care environment? | Nurse |
| How do you introduce new foods to an infant to determine if there is an allergy? | One at a time, 4-7 days apart |
| Who's decision is it to bottle or breast feed? | Mother's |
| What is the s/s for overfeeding? | Regurgitation, mild diarrhea, and too rapid weight gain |
| What is the s/s for underfeeding? | Restlessness, crying, and failure to gain weight |
| What is the first solid food introduced by 6 months? | Rice cereal |
| When do you introduce whole milk? | Not prior to 1 year |
| Why can't you introduce low fat milk prior to age 2? | Fats are needed to complete neurological development |
| What is the best way to figure portion size? | 1tbsp/year of age |
| What foods may cause choking? | Popcorn, nuts, chunks of meat, whole grapes, hot dogs |
| When does the posterior fontanelle close? | 2 months |
| When does the anterior fontanelle close? | 18 months |
| What type of contact spreads from person to person? | Direct |
| What follows growth spurts? | Plateaus |
| True or False: The metabolic rate is energy utilization and oxygen consumption | True |
| Lines of communication and partnership in the family | Partnership |
| How responsibilities for growth and development of child are shared? | Growth |
| Overt and covert emotional interactions among family members | Affection |
| How the family helps and shares resources | Adaptation |
| How time, money, and some space allocated to prevent and solve problems | Resolve |
| What vaccines does a pre-kindergarten 5 yr old receive? | Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) |
| During which stage is a disease contagious? | Incubation period |
| When should a nurse question the order of DTaP? | When the child had a high fever after previous DTaP |
| What happens when a vaccination series is interrupted? | Can usually continue without restarting series |
| What is the most appropriate response from a nurse to a child who has been physically abused by a family member? | It's not your fault that this happened |
| Children whose growth rate necessitates further investigation include who? | Children whose height & weight % are widely uneven and who show a sudden increase/decrease in a previously steady growth pattern |
| True or False: Opportunistic infections are caused by organisms not normally found in the environment that the immune-suppressed individual cannot resist/fight | False |
| True or False: Passive acquired immunity is needed when a person is exposed and needs immediate protection from a specific infectious disease & antibodies are obtained in immune serums | True |
| What thought stage is a child who has the emerging ability to think mentally when the child focuses on the use of language as a tool to meet their needs? | Preoperational |
| What thought stage is it when thoughts become increasingly logical & coherent enabling the child to sort, classify, and organize facts even though incapable of generalizing & dealing with abstractions? | Concrete |
| What thought stage is it when higher process of thinking that permits abstract reasoning & systematic scientific problem solving? | Formal operational |
| True or False: The sensorimotor stage refers to the infants knowledge coming primarily through sensory impressions and motor activities | True |
| How many kCal is needed in a child birth-6 months? | 108 |
| How many kCal is needed in a child 6-12 months? | 98 |
| How many kCal is needed in a child 1-3 years? | 102 |
| How many kCal is needed in a child 4-6 years? | 90 |
| How many kCal is needed in a child 7-10 years? | 70 |
| How many kCal is needed in a child 11-18 years? | 40-55 |
| Diffused reddened area on the skin | Erythema |
| Flat circular area on the skin that has a change in color | Macule |
| Elevated circular reddened area on the skin | Papule |
| Circular reddened area on skin that is elevated and contains fluid | Vesicle |
| Circular reddened area on skin that is raised and contains pus | Pustule |
| Dried pustule that is covered with a crust | Scab |
| True or False: Cognition refers to intellectual ability | True |
| True or False: Metabolic rate refers to energy use and oxygen consumption and is lower in children than adults | False |
| What is the order in chain of infection? | Causative agent, Reservoir, Portal of Exit, Mode of Transmission, Portal of Entry, Susceptible Host |
| What results in passive immunity? | From an injection of antibodies from another person or animal (or antibodies from mother to fetus) |
| When a person produces his/her own immunity | Active immunity |
| What must be available when immunizations are given? | Epinephrine |
| What vaccine do you avoid if the patient is allergic to baker's yeast | Recombinant hep B |
| What vaccines do you avoid if the patient is allergic to eggs? | Influenza, MMR |
| What vaccines do you avoid if the patient is allergic to neomycin? | IPV, MMR, and varicella |
| Time between earliest symptom and appearance of typical rash or fever | Prodromal period |
| Can be transmitted from one person to another | Communicable disease |
| Time between exposure to pathogen and onset of clinical symptom | Incubation period |
| An insect or animal that carries and spreads disease | Vector |
| Worldwide high incidence of a communicable disease | Pandemic |
| An expected continuous incidence of disease in a localized area | Epidemic |
| Caused by an organism normally present in the environment that the immune-suppressed person cannot fight | Opportunistic infection |
| An infection acquired after admission to a health care facility | Health-care associated infection |
| What is recommended if a child 4-18 yrs of age starts the vaccination process late, or is more than 1 month behind? | Adhere to catch up schedule |
| What are contraindication of vaccinations? | Allergies, history or high fever (105F) after receiving immunization |
| Who should live viruses NOT be given to? | Immunocompromised children |
| Abuse can occur in what? | Any situation, any socioeconomic level, and to any infant/child |
| What are signs/symptoms in abuse/neglect? | Bruises in various stages of healing, poor hygiene, welts, bite marks, imprints or outlines of objects on child's skin, emotionally withdrawn, blood in diaper/irritation in genital area |
| What may occur when abused/neglected child is removed from the home? | Child may cry due to mourning the loss of the family |
| What are the factors that contribute to or trigger child abuse? | Social stress, parental stress, triggers, and child stress |
| What are the social stresses that contribute or trigger child abuse? | Poverty, unemployment, and dysfunctional stress |
| What are the parental stresses that contribute or trigger child abuse? | Abused as a child, lower self-esteem, overworked/overwhelmed, uneducated, and substance abuse |
| What are the triggers that contribute to child abuse? | Need for discipline, family conflict, substance abuse, or financial crisis |
| What are the child stresses that contribute or trigger child abuse? | Disabled, temperamental, hyperactive, foster child or step child |
| What are the strategies to prevent abuse/neglect? | Teach positive coping strategies, anger management skills, techniques to build self-esteem, refer family support services/family counseling |
| What heals in various stages that are indicated according to color? | Bruises |
| What does a bruise that is 7-10 days look like? | Yellow |
| What should the nurse ask themselves when it comes to bruises? | "Does it match the caregiver's explanation of what happened and when?" |
| What age should children be weaned off a bottle and to a cup by? | 2 |
| What is the appropriate place for a child car seat for newborn/infants? | Middle seat facing rear of vehicle |
| How do you prevent bottle mouth? | Don't put child to bed with bottle of milk or juice |
| When should child have first dental visit? | 1 year |
| How many teeth does a child have by 1 year? | 6 |
| What teeth are the first to appear? | Lower central incisors |
| When do the child's permanent teeth start to appear? | 6 |
| What is the causative organism of Fifth Disease? | Human Parvovirus 19 |
| What are the signs & symptoms of Fifth Disease? | Child has a slapped cheek appearance, generalized rash appears, subsides, and reappears if skin is irritated by sun/heat |
| What is the incubation period of Fifth Disease? | 4-14 days |
| What is the treatment of Fifth Disease? | None |
| How long is Fifth Disease contagious? | 4-14 days / incubation period |
| What is Fifth Disease? | Benign condition, unless as child is immunocompromised. Condition may last 1-3 weeks |
| What can relieve itching in Fifth Disease? | Oatmeal baths |
Created by:
tandkhopkins
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