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Chapter 8, HBH&I
8. Skeletal System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many bones are in the human body | 206 |
| A common bone disorder that causes loss of bone tissue especially in post–menopausal women | Osteoporosis |
| Sizes and shapes of bone are classified as these four types. | Long, Short, Flat, and Irregular bones |
| Another name for bone is __________ tissue. | Osseous |
| Another name for bone cells is _______________. | Osteocytes |
| Osteocytes secrete minerals like calcium, phosphate, and protein fibers outside the cell that make them hard. This material is called the ________. | Intercellular matrix |
| Dense, hard bone tissue found primarily in the shafts of long bones and on he outer surfaces of other bones. | Compact bone |
| Less dense bone located primparily at the ends of the long bones ind in the center of other bones. Has two names | Spongy or cancellous bone |
| The microscopic unit of bone is called the _____________or _________________ | Osteon or Haversian system |
| What does an osteon lcontain? | Mature osteocytes arranged in\nin concentric circles around large blood vessels with the surrounding intercellular matrix containing minterals, and protein fibers |
| The plates in spongy or cancellous bone are called __________ | Trabeculae |
| The strong part of the bone that is mostly made of compact bone | Diaphysis |
| The enlarged ends of long bones are called the __________ | Epiphysis |
| The epiphysis is made up of this and also is covered by another material | thin layer of compact bone overlying spongy bone, covered by cartilage |
| The band of hyaline cartilage in the epiphysis of a long bone is called the ________ or_________ | epiphyseal disc or growth plate |
| What kind of bone growth occurs at the epiphyseal disc? | Longitudinal |
| The hollow center of the diaphysis | Medullary cavity |
| In infancy the medullary cavity is filled with _____________ | Red bone marrow for blood cell prduction |
| As an adult the memdullary cavity is filled with _____________ | Yellow bone marrow (fat) |
| The tough fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the outside of the bone everywhere except the articular cartilage | Periosteum |
| This type of cartilage is found on the ends of the epiphysis, and forms a smooth, shiny surface that decreases friction within as joint | Articular |
| A joint is also called an ____________ | articulation |
| A three month old fetus has an early skeleton–like frame that is composed of ________–and _____________ | cartilage and connective membrane |
| The process whereby the cartilage and connective tissue membrane of the fetal skeleton become bone is called ______________ | Ossification |
| The flat bones of the skull are initially constructed of __________ | Connective tissue membranes |
| What type of cells migrate into the connective tissue membrane of flat bones to turn it into bone | Osteoblasts |
| In long bones what material is replaced by osteoblasts | Cartilage |
| Longitudinal bone growth (growing longer) occurs at the _____________ | Epiphyseal disc or growth plate |
| What hormones stop the longitudinal growth of bone | Estrogen and Testosterone |
| Which hormone causes the bones to quit growing longitudinally the soonest | Estrogen |
| As a bone grows wider it does not become any heavier because _______ cells remove bone from the medullary canal and ________ cells add bone to the outside of the bone | Osteoclasts, Osteoblasts |
| A large rounded knob that usually articulates with another bone | Condyle |
| An enlargement near or above a condyle | Epicondyle |
| An enlarged and rouned end of a bone | Head |
| A small, flatened surface | Facet |
| A ridge on a bone | Crest |
| A prominent projection on a bone | Process |
| A sharp projection on a bone | spine |
| A knoblike projection | Tubercle (tuberosity) |
| A large tubercle found only on the femur bone | Trochanter |
| An opening through a bone uaually serves as a passageway for nerves, blood vessels, or ligaments | foramen |
| A depression or groove in a bone | Fossa |
| A tunnel or tubelike passageway | Meatus |
| A cavity or holow space | Sinus |
| A bone brreak (fracture) in whih local tissue damage is minimal and the bone does not break the skin | Closed or simple fracture |
| A bone break in which the end(s) of the bone break the skin and soft tissue damage is major. Repair within 4 hours will reduce risk of infection | Open or compound fracture |
| An incomplete fracture in which the bone breaks incompletely and usually occurs in children | Greenstick or incomplete fracture |
| What are the two types of osseous tissue that make up bone? | compact (dense bone) and spongy (cancellous) |
| This part of the skeleton includes the bones of the skull, hyoid bone, bones of the middle ear, vertebral column and bony thorax | Axial skeleton |
| This part of the skeleton includes bones of the extremities, hip and shoulder girdles | Appendicular skeleton |
| The bony structure that encases and protects the brain | Cranium |
| This bone forms the forehead and upper eye area | Frontal bone of cranium |
| These two bones form the upper sides of the head and the roof of the cranial cavity | Two parietal bones |
| These two bones form the area known as the temples | Two temporal bones |
| The opening on the temporal bone that is the opening for the ear is officially called the _____________ | external auditory meatus |
| The zygomatic process of the temporal bone forms part of the _____________ | Cheekbone |
| The sharp process on the temporal bone where several tongue and laryngeal muscles attach is called the ? | Styloid process |
| Another large process on the temporal bone where neck muscles attach? | The mastoid process of the temporal bone |
| This bone is located at the back and base of the skull. | Occipital bone |
| The large hole in the occipital bone that allows passage of the spinal cord is called the _______________. | foramen magnum |
| This bone is butterfly shaped and forms part of the floor and sides of the cranium. | Sphenoid bone |
| The depression in the spenoid bone that contains the pituitary gland is known as the "Turks saddle" or the _________ | Sella Tursica |
| this irregularly shaped bone locaed between the eye orbits helps form the nasal cavity and contains a sinus | Ethmoid bone |
| The lower jaw bone that carries the teeth | Mandible |
| What joint is formed by the two upright projections on the mandible where they contact the temporal bone | Temporomandibular joint |
| The grinding of teeth during sleep | Bruxism |
| These two bones fuse to form the upper jaw, and has an extension that forms part of the hard palate | Maxilla |
| these two bones form the posterior part of the hard palate and failure to close causes cleft palate | Palatine bones |
| These bones form the cheekbones and also a part of the orbit of the eye | Zygomatic bone |
| These air–filled cavities located in central parts of bones of the skull lessen skull weight and increase the sounf of the voice | Sinuses |
| Name the four paranasal sinuses: | frontal, ethmoidal, spenoidal, and maxillary sinuses |
| The bones of the adult skull are held together by a unique type of joint called a _____________ | Suture |
| An abnormal curvature of the spine involving he lateral curvature of the thoracic vertebrae is called __________ | Scoliosis |
| An exaggerated thoracic curvature , sometimes also referred to as a hunchback is known as a _______________ | Kyphosis |
| An exaggerated lumbar curvature is sometimes called a swayback or ______________ | Lordosis |
| The ribs, sternum and thoracic vertebrae form the _________ | Thoracic cage |
| The three parts of the sternum are the _______, ________, and ___________ | Manubrium, body, xyphoid process |
| How many pairs of ribs do we have? | 12 pair |
| The top seven pairs of ribs attach directly to the sternum by costal cartilage and are therefore called | True ribs |
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joniparson1
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