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Chapter 4, HBH&I
4. Cell Metabolism
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The series of chemical reactions necessary for the use of the raw material is called ________ | Metabolism |
| A metabolic reaction that builds larger, more complex substances from simpler substances | Anabolism |
| A metabolic reaction that breaks down larger, more complex substances into simpler substances | Catabolism |
| Pasta, bread, rice, potatoes, jelly, sugar are all examples of ____________ | Carbohydrates |
| What three organic compounds make up carbohydrates? | Oxygen, Carbon, and Hydrogen |
| Single sugar compounds are called __________ | Monosaccharides |
| Double sugar compounds are called _________ | Disaccharides |
| Many sugar compounds are called ________ | Polysaccharides |
| Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Deoxyribose, and Ribose are all _______ | Monosaccharides |
| Which monosaccharide is the most important energy source for the human body | Glucose |
| What are the monosaccharides deoxyribose and ribose used to make? | DNA |
| Two monosaccharides linked together form a ________ | Disaccharide |
| Sucrose, maltose, and lactose are examples of _________ | Disaccharides |
| Starches, glycogen, and cellulose are examples of _____________ | Polysaccharides |
| Disaccharides must be broken down into this before they can be absorbed by our bodies | Monosaccharides |
| The storage form for glucose in the human body is a polysaccharide called ___________ | Glycogen |
| Where is glycogen stored in the human body | Liver and skeletal muscle |
| Fiber in our diet that helps the GI system to function is made up mostly of the polysaccharide _________ | Cellulose |
| Name the three ways that the body uses glucose? | 1. burned as fuel\n2. stored as glycogen\n3. stored as fat |
| Glucose can be broken down using ______ catabolism or _________ catabolism | Aerobic, Anaerobic |
| The breakdown of glucose without oxygen | Anaerobic catabolism |
| The breakdown of glucose with oxygen | Aerobic catabolism |
| The first step in catabolism of glucose with or without oxygen is the same and yields 2 ATP + pyruvic acid. This is called? | Glycolysis |
| In the absence of oxygen, glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid which is then converted to __________. | Lactic acid |
| If oxygen is present, then pyruvic acid enters this organ to be metabolized to many ATP + H2O + CO2 | Mitochondria |
| This is the cycle that glucose undergoes inside the mitochondria. | Krebs cycle |
| What two categories of substances can be broken down and used to make glucose besides carbohydrates | Proteins and Fats |
| The making of glucose from nonglucose sources | Gluconeogenesis |
| The person with diabetes lacks this hormone that helps glucose to enter the cells | Insulin |
| Organic compounds commonly called fats or oils | Lipids |
| Lipids are made up of these two building blocks | Fatty acids and Glycerol |
| The most important steroid in the body | Cholesterol |
| The lipid that helps make up the cell membrane | Phospholipid |
| Which of the following substances produces the most energy when it undergoes aerobic metabolism | Lipids |
| The building blocks of protein | Amino acids |
| The number of amino acids available in the body to make proteins | 20 (Twenty) |
| Amino acids that must be present in our diet because we can not make them | Essential Amino Acids |
| Amino acids that our body can make in the liver | Nonessential Amino Acids |
| Amino acids are joined together by these bonds to form peptides, polypeptides, and proteins | Peptide Bond |
| Several amino acids joined together by peptide bonds | Peptide |
| Many amino acids joined together by peptide bonds | Polypeptide |
| Very large polypeptides often with more than one chain of polypeptides | Proteins |
| The combination of a sugar and a protein | Glycoprotein |
| The combination of a lipid and a protein | Lipoprotein |
| Name the three ways the body uses proteins | 1. To make hormones, antibodies, muscle, etc.\n2. May be broken down and burned to make ATP\n3. May be broken down and turned into glucose (gluconeogenesis) |
| What element does protein contain that lipids and carbohydrates do not | Nitrogen |
| The nitrogen in protein that is not recycled is converted to ______ and excreted in the urine | Urea |
| What substance can build up in the blood and cause confusion, coma if the liver is unable to handle nitrogen from protein? | Ammonia (NH3) |
| The directions that show the pattern of amino acid assembly to create proteins is stored in this structure | DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
| DNA is stored in this cellular structure | Nucleus |
| Adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine only pairs with guanine. This is called _______. | Base–pairing |
| Name the four bases found in DNA | Adenine(A), Cytosine(C), Guanine(G), and Thymine(T) |
| Each three bases in DNA when read vertically codes for a particular amino acid. This is called __________ | Base–sequencing |
| The copying and delivery of the code for protein synthesis is done by this nucleic acid | mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) |
| Name the three ways in which RNA is different from DNA | 1. sugars are different (ribose in RNA vs deoxyribose in DNA)\n2. DNA=2 strands, RNA=1 strand\n3. RNA has uracil instead of thymine |
| mRNA goes to this structure outside the nucleus where proteins are made | Ribosome |
| This RNA is found attached to individual amino acids within the cytoplasm and delivers the amino acid to the proper site for protein synthesis | tRNA (transfer ribonucleic acid) |
| The copying of the code by mRNA | Transcription |
| Adenine and guanine are classified as which of the following: purines or pyrimidines? | Purines |
| Cytosine, thymine, and uracil are classified as which of the following: purines or pyrimidines | Pyrimidines |
| The reading of the mRNA code by tRNA is called this | Translation |
| This type of poisoning inactivates some enzymes in mitochondria so O2 can not be used to make ATP causing death | Cyanide poisoning |
| Phenylketonuria, cystic fibrosis, and glycogen storage disease are examples of this category of diseases | Enzyme deficiency diseases |
| The lack of O2 causes anaerobic metabolism with a decrease in blood pH. This is called _________ | Lactic acidosis |
Created by:
joniparson1
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