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Structure
Microbiology 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many bacteria phyla are there? How many archaea phyla are there? | 25 Bacteria Phyla. 2 Archaea Phyla. |
| What are the 3 domains of life? | Eukaryota, Bacteria and Archaea. |
| What are the 5 Kingdom Classifications? | Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plants and Animals. |
| What is Monera? | The kingdom that was originally given to bacteria AND archae (all prokaryotes). Now bacteria and archaea are classified separately. |
| What is Protista? | The kingdom given to single-celled eukaryotes. |
| Explain organisms in the Eukaryota domain: | Internal Membranes |
| Explain organisms in the Bacteria domain: | No internal membranes and unique protein synthesis. |
| Explain organisms in the Archaea domain: | No internal membranes and protein synthesis is similar to that of eukaryotes. |
| What are the 3 types of morphological diversity in prokaryotes? (Shape) | Bacillus (Rod), Coccus (Sphere), Spiral. |
| 3 Types of Bacillus: | Single, Diplobacillus (paired), or Streptobacillis (chain) |
| 5 Types of Coccus: | Single, Diplococcus (paired), Tetrad (4), Staphylococcus (Cluster) or Streptococcus (chain) |
| 3 Types of Spiral: | Vibrio (comma shaped), Spirillum (Thick Cell Wall and thus rigid), Spirorchete (Thin cell wall and thus flexible) |
| What are aspects of prokaryotic cell structure external to the cell membrane? | Flagelli, Pilli, Glycocalyx, Cell Wall. |
| What are flagelli? | Flagellum are whip-like tails that help prokaryotes move. They are less and longer than cilia. |
| What are pilli? | Hairy presence over surface of cell - serve as an antenna for sensing the environment, and adhesive purposes. |
| What are Glycocalyx? | Thick Capsule or thin slime layer (for protection and adhesion) |
| What are 4 aspects of cell wall? | 1. External to membrane. 2. Contains glycoprotein = peptidoglycan. 3. Protects from osmotic lysis. 4. Can be gram positive or gram negative. |
| What are the aspects of a gram positive cell wall? | Thick, multiple layers of peptidoglycan. Teichoic Acid holds the layers together. Stains blue. |
| What holds layers together in a gram positive cell wall? | Techoic Acid. |
| How many layers are there of a gram negative cell wall? | Thin one or two layers of peptidoglycan. |
| Aspects of a gram negative cell wall? | Thin one or two layers. Outer membrane : outside of cell wall. Contains lipopolysaccharide (LPS) |
| In a gram negative cell, what is the function of O polysaccharide? | Used to identify various strains of E. Coli |
| In a gram negative cell, what is the function of Lipid A? | It anchors to the membrane and is released as an endotoxin upon death or damage of cell. |
| What does the cell envelope consist of? | Cell wall and cell membrane. |
| Explain cell membrane: fluid mosaic model: | Cell membrane layer is fluid, moves around within the layer. (Maggot example) |
| What is cell membrane usually made of (for bacteria and other prokaryotes)? | Phospholipid bilayer. |
| Some archaea have what type of cell membrane? | Monolayer with two heads. |
| What in the cell membrane provides effective separation of internal and external environment? | It's amphipathic nature (both hydrophilic and hydrophobic nature). Phosphate heads are polar and hydrophilic (face water) and fatty acid tails are nonpolar and hydrophobic (fatty acids). |
| What are 3 types of proteins mentioned in this lecture? | Integral, Extracellular, Intracellular |
| Explain integral proteins: | Involved in functions both inside and outside cell (cell transport, etc...) |
| Explain extracellular proteins: | Extracellular proteins are involved in functions outside of the cell. |
| Explain intracellular proteins: | Intracellular proteins are involved in the functions inside the cell. |
| Many proteins serve as ________________. | Transporters |
| Compare/contrast Endotoxin vs. Exotoxin | Endotoxin: Inside, released upon cell damage/death. Exotoxin: outside; Excreted from living organisms into the environment. |
| Explain fluid mosaic model in cell membranes: | Fluid combination of phospholipids, carbohydrates and proteins. Particles often move around within the layer. |
| Explain simple diffusion: | Diffusion from high concentration to low. Does not require energy. Nonpolar molecules (molecular oxygen, CO2, etc..) can simple diffuse, and small polar molecules (like water). |
| Explain Facilitated Diffusion: | Larger polar molecules cannot go through simple diffusion, so they bind to proteins to carry them across. No energy is required. |
| In facilitated diffusion, the rate of transport is limited to what? | The concentration of membrane transport proteins. |
| What are two examples of active transport? What does active transport require? | 1. Sodium-Potassium Pump. 2. Proton (Hydrogen Ion) pump. Active transport requires energy. |
Created by:
sham13
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