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Earth Science Test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Rock cycle | The series of processes in which rock forms |
| Bowen’s reaction series | the simplified pattern that illustrates the order in which minerals crystallize |
| Igneous rock | rock that forms when lava cools. |
| Porphyritic | contains crystals or crystalline particles |
| Vesicular | very fine grained |
| Felsic | light in color and high in feldspar |
| Mafic | dark colored and high in magnesium |
| Granite | light-colored igneous rock with large grains, |
| Obsidian | dark, glassy, hard, igneous |
| Basalt | dark, fine-grained, igneous |
| Pumice | very light, porous, igneous |
| Sedimentary rock | formed by the deposition and subsequent sedimentation |
| Compaction | the process by which the porosity of a given form of sediment is decreased |
| Cementation | binding together of broken particles |
| Chemical sedimentary rocks (evaporates) | formed by precipitation of water |
| Organic sedimentary rocks | formed from sediment that is organic |
| Clastic sedimentary | formed from mechanical weather debris |
| Sorting | water or air to separate sediments |
| Angularity | sediment is moved from source/particles collide |
| Halite | type of salt |
| Coal | carbonized plant matter |
| Limestone | made of organic matter, light, sedimentary |
| Shale | made of flaky clay, dark grayish, smooth, sedimentary |
| Sandstone | made of sand sized minerals/rock frags, light, sedimentary (can be reddish) |
| Conglomerate (ex. Puddingstone) | course, round frags |
| Breccia | angular frags cemented together |
| Contact metamorphism | only small area of rock is changed by heat |
| Foliated | rock texture is arranged in bands |
| Non-foliated | no bands |
| Slate | forms in outer zone around magma, dark, smooth, metamorphic |
| Schist | course, can be split into small/thin plates, metamorphic |
| Gneiss | banded structure, course, metamorphic |
| Quartzite | non-foliated, hard |
| Marble | carbonate minerals and metamorphic rock |
| Continental drift | the hype by Alfred Wegener that long ago the continents once formed a single landmass (Evidence - fossils that should be found in one area a found all over the globe) |
| Sea-floor spreading | ocean floor is moving very slowly |
| Mid-ocean ridge | underwater mountain ridge (Characteristics - formed by plate tectonics.) |
| Lithosphere | Earth’s crust |
| Asthenosphere | the upper layer of the earth's mantle |
| Divergent Boundary | tectonic plate moving away |
| Convergent Boundary | plates colliding |
| Transform Boundary | plates slide past each other |
| Subduction zones | plate moves under another |
| Ring of Fire | the Ring of Fire is an area in the Pacific Ocean where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions happen |
| Plate boundary evidence | As the tectonic plates move away from spreading zones, they collide with one another |
| Rifting | Earth’s crust breaks |
| Terrane | plate has geologic history |
| Craton | stable block of earth surface |
| Shield | domed volcano with gently sloping sides |
| Accretion | is a process by which material is added to a landmass |
| Pangea | super continent |
| Panthalassa | single large ocean |
| Elastic rebound | how far energy can spread |
| Focus | where the earthquake starts |
| Epicenter | where seismic rupture starts |
| Seismic waves | generated by impulse |
| Fault zone | form because of intense stress |
| Seismograph | measures and records details of earthquakes, such as force and duration. |
| Seismogram | a record produced by a seismograph. |
| Magnitude | strength of earthquake |
| Intensity | amount of damage |
| Tsunami | giant ocean wave |
| Seismic gap | area along fault where few quakes occur |
| Magma | molten rock underground |
| Lava | above ground |
| Vent | opening at the earth's surface from which volcanic material, as lava, steam, or gas, is emitted. |
| Hot spot | volcanically active area |
| Fissure | linear volcanic vent through which lava erupts, usually without any explosive activity |
| Viscosity | stickiness of lava |
| Pyroclastic material | ash, lava fragments carried through the air, and vapor |
| Caldera | forms when magma chamber empties |
| REGIONAL metamorphism | is a change in texture, structure or chemical composition |
| SORTED | can't see the particles very well at all |
| Earthquakes occur worst | with a shallow focus |
| Records vibrations | seismograph |
| Intensity is on the | Modified Mercalli scale |
| Oceanic produces | MAFIC/magnesium rich lava |
| Pahoehoe | is a “ropy” type of lava |
| Volcanism | is any activity that involves movement of magma towards the Earth's surface |
Created by:
Parker H.
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