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Cells
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| All eukaryotic cells are composed of... | Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus |
| Plasma membrane function | Covers and protects the cell, controls what goes in and out, links to other cells, flies certain "flags" to tell other cells what it is |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | Describes the arrangement of molecules, such as phospholipids and proteins, within the membrane. Lipids act as a barrier, while proteins act as gatekeepers. |
| Phospholipids | Form a lipid bilayer in the membrane made up of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. |
| Glycoproteins | Membrane proteins with a carbohydrate group attached that protrude into the extracellular fluid |
| Glycocalyx | Sugary coating surrounding the membrane |
| Integral proteins | Extend into or through the bilayer |
| Transmembrane proteins | Span the entire lipid bilayer |
| Peripheral proteins | Attach to the inner or outer surface but do not extend through the membrane |
| Ion Channels (Integral) | Allows specific ion to move through water filled pore |
| Carriers (Integral) | Carries specific substances across membrane by changing shape (ex: amino acids) |
| Receptors (Integral) | Recognizes specific ligand and alters cell's function in some way |
| Enzymes (Integral and Peripheral) | Catalyzes reaction inside or outside cell depending on which direction the active site faces |
| Linkers (Integral and Peripheral) | Anchors filaments inside and outside the plasma membrane providing structural stability and shape for the cell |
| Cell Identity Markers (Glycoprotein) | Distinguishes your cells from anyone else's |
| Selective Permeability | The membrane allows some substances across but not others |
| Passive Transport Processes | Diffusion of solutes, diffusion of water, and facilitated diffusion |
| Active Transport Processes | Various types of transporters are used and energy is required. Low to high |
| Diffusion | Passive spread of particles through random motion from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration |
| Diffusion factors | Concentration gradient, temperature, surface area, and diffusion distance |
| Facilitated Dissuion | Requires a specific channel (Channel-Mediated Facilitated Diffusion) or a carrier molecule (Carrier-Mediated Facilitated Diffusion) |
| Osmosis | Net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration |
| Tonicity | Concentration of salt solutions in the blood and elsewhere |
| Hypotonic | Hemolysis (explodes) |
| Hypertonic | Cremation (shrinks) |
| Antiporters | Carry two substances across the Membrane in opposite directions |
| Symporters | Carry two substances across the membrane in the same direction |
| Vesicle | Small spherical sac formed by budding off from a membrane |
| Endocytosis | Materials move into a cell in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane (3 types: receptor mediated, phagocytosis, and bulk phase pinocytosis) |
| Exocytosis | Vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents into the extracellular fluid |
| Transcytosis | Combination of endocytosis and exocytosis |
| Cytosol | Intracellular fluid surrounding the organelles; the site of many chemical reactions |
| Cytoskeleton | Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules |
| Centrosome | Consists of two centrioles and pericentriolar material; located near nucleus |
| Cilia | Short, hair-like projections from the cell surface that move fluids along the cell surface |
| Flagella | Longer than cilia (ex. sperm cell's tail), move an entire cell |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Network of membranes in the shape of flattened sacs or tubules |
| Rough ER | A series of flattened sacs with a surface studded with ribosomes, which produce proteins, that is connected to the nuclear envelope |
| Smooth ER | Network of membrane tubules that do not have ribosomes. Synthesizes fatty acids and steroids, and detoxifies certian drugs |
| Golgi Complex | Consists of 3-20 flattened membranous sacs, cisternae, that modify, sort, and package proteins in vesicles to transport them to different destinations |
| Lysosomes | Vesicles that form from Golgi that contain powerful digestive enzymes |
| Peroxisomes | Smaller than lysosomes, abundant in liver, detoxify toxic substances |
| Proteasomes | Continuously destroy unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins, fund in the cytosol and nucleus |
| Mitochondria | Powerhouse of the cell; generates ATP, self-replicate, contain own DNA (from mother only) |
| Cristae | Series of folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane |
| Matrix | Large central fluid-filled cavity |
| Nuclear Envelope | Double membrane that separates the nucleus from cytoplasm |
| Nuclear Pores | Numerous openings in the nuclear envelope that control movement of substances b/w nucleus and cytoplasm |
| Nucleolus | Spherical body that produces ribosomes |
| Genes | Cell's hereditary units, control activities and structure of the cell |
| Chromosomes | Long molecules of DNA combined with protein molecules |
| Mitosis | Cell cycle in which body cell duplicates and divides in two |
| Homologous chromosomes | Two chromosomes that make up each pair |
| Diploid cells | Somatic cells that contain two sets of chromosomes |
| Interphase | Cell replicates its DNA during S phase |
| Prophase | Chromatin fibers change into chromosomes |
| Metaphase | Microtubules align the centromeres of the chromatid pairs at the metaphase plate |
| Anaphase | Chromatid pairs split at the centromere and move to opposite sides and are then called chromosomes |
| Telophase | Two identical nuclei are formed around the identical sets of chromosomes now in their chromatin form |
| Cytokinesis | Division of cell's cytoplasm; plasma membrane constricts at its middle (cleavage furrow) |
| Meiosis | Reproductive cell division that occurs in the gonads that produces with half the number of chromosomes |
| Haploid cells | Gametes contain a single set of 23 chromosomes |
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