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phylum chordata
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| I.Phylum Chordata | |
| A.)Characteristics- all chordates have all four characteristics at some point in their life cycle | |
| 1.)notochord (noto-back, chord-string)- supporting rod that runs just below the nerve cord, present usually in chordate embryos | |
| 2.)Dorsal nerve chord | |
| 3.)Gill slits (pharyngeal pouches), later develop into gills or other throat structtures | |
| 4.)tail that develops below the anus at some point in life | |
| B.)Subphylums | |
| 1.)Subphylum cephalochordata (nonvertebrate) | |
| a.)lancelets-fishlike with no fins, lives on the ocean bottom, buries itself in sand except for head, retains all characteristics throughout life | |
| 2.)Subphylum urochordata (nonvertebrate) | |
| a.)tunicate (sea squirts) larvae has all characteristics- adult has only gill slits, marine filter feeder organism | |
| 3.)Subphylum vertebrata | |
| a.)Endoskeleton- internal skeleton made of bone and cartilage | |
| b.)vertebral column (spine, spinal cord, backbone)- replaces notochord, made of individual bones called bertebrae | |
| c.)skull- bone that surrounds and protect the brain | |
| d.)Dorsal nerve cord is surrounded and protected by bones- its anterior end develops into the brain | |
| e.)Specialized body systems | |
| i.)Integumentary System- special protective outer covering to maintain body temperature, prevents infection and eliminates wastes | |
| examples: scales, feathers, hair | |
| ii.)Muscular System attached to bones for movement, lines system like digestive | |
| iii.)Respiratory- uses gills or lungs | |
| iv.)Digestive- complete | |
| v.)Circulatory- closed (in vessals) ventral heart | |
| vi.)Endocrine- glands thats secret hormones | |
| vii.)Nervous- brain and spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs | |
| viii.)Reproduction- sexual reprduction | |
| II.Classes of subphylum vertebrata | |
| A.)Jawless Fish- Class Agnatha | |
| 1.)most primitive and oldest vertebrate fossils | |
| 2.)no scales, no paired fins, lack vertebrate, keep notochord as adults | |
| 3.)Lamprey- funnel like mouth, parasitic to other fish, attaches to it and drinks body fluids and internal organs | |
| 4.)Hagfish- bottom dweler | |
| B.)Cartilaginous Fish- Class Chondrichtyes | |
| 1.)Characteristics | |
| a.)Skeletons made or cartilage, not bone | |
| b.)have scales called placoid scales covered with enamel | |
| 2.)Members: sharks, skates, and rays | |
| a.)sharks- diverse group including the largest fish, whale shark | |
| i.)perfectly designed predators | |
| ii.)torpedo shaped body | |
| iii.)constanly have a complete set of teeth, teeth point backward | |
| iv.)senses, eyesight and olfactory (smell) | |
| v.)Lateral line system- motion detection | |
| vi.)Ampulli of Lorenzini- detects bioelectric charges | |
| b.)skates and ray- bottom dwellers feeding on mollusks or fitler plankton; skates are more triangular and have a dorsal fin; electric ray capable of generating and electric charge; sting rays have tail with a venomous barbed spike | |
| C.)Bony Fish (Class Osteichthyes) | |
| 1.)Characteristics- bonyskeleton | |
| a.)gills covered by a bony plate called an operculum that acts as a protective cover | |
| b.)scales- bones that grows out from skin | |
| c.)airbladder- allows fish to remain at a certain depth with little effort | |
| d.)senses- lateral line olfactory (smell) sense the best | |
| e.)external or internal fertilization | |
| f.)feeding- herbivore, carnivore, parastie, filter feeder | |
| g.)two chambered heart (atrium and ventricle) | |
| h.)ex. perch, bass, electric eel, flounder, sea horses | |
| D.)Class Amphibia- Amphibians | |
| 1.)Characteristics | |
| a.)skin is smooth, thin, and moist | |
| b.)feet, if present, are webbed | |
| c.)toes lack claws | |
| d.)must live in water as larvae and adult land | |
| e.)respire by gills, lungs, and skin | |
| f.)adult- 3 chambered heart | |
| g.)eggs laid in water- must return to water to reproduce | |
| h.)undergo metamorphosis | |
| 2.)Members | |
| a.)salamanders-differ from lizards because have no scales or claws | |
| b.)toads and frogs | |
| i.)toads only return to water to lay eggs and live drier climates | |
| E.)Reptiles Class Reptilia- first true land animals | |
| 1.)Characteristics | |
| a.)development of amniote egg shell- protection, prevents water loss | |
| b.)internal fertilization | |
| -oviparous- lay eggs externally | |
| -ovoviparous- eggs carried and hatched inside female; ex:sharks and lizards | |
| c.)ectothermic- "cold blooded" body temperature determine by environment | |
| d.)scales- keratin that is protein and molt | |
| e.)partial division of heart ventricle | |
| f.)limbs with claws | |
| g.)well developed lungs | |
| 2.)Members | |
| a.)Lizards- iguanas, monitor (komododragons), skinks | |
| b.)Alligators/crocodiles- more triangular socket for teeth | |
| c.)Turtles | |
| d.)snakes- 95% of todays reptiles | |
| -nonvenomous- constictors | |
| -venomous- six in louisiana venomon: | |
| -neurotoxins(brain and nervous)- cobra | |
| -nemotoxins(blood)- rattle snakes and vipers | |
| 3.)Special Anatomy | |
| a.)separate jaw- ligament; each side moves independently; unhinged jaw | |
| b.)skeleton- speclaized movement; rib cage- muscles attached (entire length) from one to the next | |
| 4.)Sensory Adapatations | |
| a.)JAcobsen's organs- roof of mouth; pit vipers- heat sensors pit below eye | |
| b.)Fangs- injecting venom; rear fanged- boomslang; small front fangs- cobra; large front fangs | |
| F.)Birds Class Aves | |
| 1.)Characteristics | |
| a.)covered with feathers | |
| b.)endothermic | |
| c.)front limbs modified into wings- stand on 2 legs (covered with scales) | |
| d.)bones light, thin, hollow | |
| e.)mouth modified into a beak | |
| f.)four chambered hear | |
| -oxygenated/deoxygenated blood separated in ventricle | |
| g.)oviparous-amniote egg | |
| h.)highly developed brain- cerebellum (controls muscular coordination) | |
| G.)Mammals Class Mammalia | |
| 1.)Characteristics | |
| a.)hair, fur | |
| b.)endothermic- thermoregulation (maintain temperature) | |
| c.)viviparous- live birth | |
| d.)young nourished by mothers milk produced mammaary glands | |
| e.)lung breathing throughout life | |
| f.)Deaphragm-muscle separating chest from abdominal cavity | |
| g.)four chambered heart | |
| h.)two pairs of limbs | |
| i.)young cared for because not capable of living on own | |
| j.)brain highly developd- thought/ reasoning | |
| 2.)Memebers | |
| a.)Monotemes- egg laying mammals; females do nourish young with mil; ex: echidnas (spinn anteater) and duck bill platypus (australia and New Guinea) | |
| b.)Marsupials- bear live young but in an early stage of development; young crawl across mothers fur into pouch (marsupium) where they attach to nipple | |
| -ex: koala, kangaroos, wombats, possus (North Americas only marsupial) | |
| c.)Placental Mammal- nutrients, oyxygen, carbon dioxide, and waste are exchanged efficently between embryo and mother through her placenta- flat disk shaped organ attaced to uterine and tissue of the mother umbillical cord and embryonic tiss | |
| -allows embryo to grow and develop in a protected environment | |
| -ex: mice, bats(only winged mammal), blue whales, humans | |
| III.Animal Behavior (Ethology) | |
| A.)Behavior- way an organism reacts to changes in its internal condition and or external environment | |
| 1.)stimulus- any kind of signal that carries information on and can be detected | |
| 2.)Response- a single specific reaction to a stimuls | |
| B.)Innate Behavior (instinct) appear in fully functional form the first time they are performed even though the animals had no precious experience | |
| ex: spider spins web, newborn mammal sucking | |
| C.)Learned Behavior- altered behavior as result of experience | |
| D.)Behavior Cycles- responses to periodic changes in the environment with daily or seasonal cycles; ex: migration | |
| E.)Courtship-overall reproductive strategy that helps animals identify a healthy mate | |
| F.)Communication passing information from one animal to another | |
| G.)Competition and Agression- involves territory |
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