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HonorsBio Final
honors biology final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why do scientists generally use models? | have predictions about future behavoirs/observations from worldplan/evaluate solutions |
| Why are humans rather considered generalists than specalists? | humans are able to adapt/tolerate many environmental conditions; play a role in the environment |
| What does an increasing population require? | amounts of energy, food, and space for disposal of waste |
| biotic factor | the living components of the environment |
| name 6 environmental problems | 1. air/water pollution2. global warming3. rising human population4. 6th mass extinction5. destroyment of the ozone layer6. acid rain |
| what does a species niche involve? | range of conditions in tolerance rangemethods in which organism obtains resoucesnumber of offspring/environmental interaction |
| what is an organisms habitat? | where an organism lives |
| name 4 abiotic factors | temperature, oxygen concentration, sunlight, ph |
| why do ecologists use models? | make predictions about the future behavoir of an ecosystem |
| gas released by industurial smokestacks reacting with water forming acid rain | so2 |
| condition caused by overabundance of gases in atmosphere keeping heat energy | global climate change |
| 2 problems encountered as exponential increase in humans | 1. sixth mass extinction2. global warming |
| What do ecologists research in an organism? | organisms adaptations/ allowing organisms to overcome challenges |
| what may a model be? | visual, mathematical, or verbalusually graphs, diagrams, or mathematical equations |
| what is the symbol for ozone? | o3 |
| realized niche | range of resources a species actually uses |
| niche | way of life (species); role a species plays in its environment |
| tolerance curve | graph of preformance versus values of an environmental variable |
| ecosystem | all the organisms and non-living environment and eachother |
| biosphere | the thin volume of Earth and its atmosphere supporting life; broadest level of organization |
| acclimation | the process of an organisms adjustment to an abiotic factor |
| passive transport | movement of substances across membrane without energy by the cell |
| chemosynthesis | produce carbohydrates using energy from inorganic substances |
| plant cells live in a hypo---- environment | hypotonic |
| what does the burning of fossil fuels cause? | pollution |
| ozone layer leads to | ultraviolet radiation |
| biotic | living factors |
| abiotic | non-living factors |
| dormancy | reducing activity during environmental conditions |
| fundamental niche | range species may tolerate |
| generalist | species with broader niches tolerate a variety of resources |
| population | two or more members of a species in an area per unit time |
| what is a variable? | any factor that changes an outcome |
| carrier proteins | proteins assisting in molecules movement across cell membrane |
| herbivore | animal eating plants |
| isotonic | when concentrations of solutes in/out of cell are equal |
| hypertonic | concentration of solute molecules is higher than concentration of solute |
| equilibrium | concentration of molecules in substance are same throughout space |
| diffusion | movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration |
| first property of facilitated diffusion | help substances move into/out of celldepends on concentration gradient |
| ion channels | provide small passageways across cell membranes in which ions diffuse |
| active transport | cells move materials up concentration gradient; lower to higher concentration |
| growth rate | number per unit time |
| what does seven equal on the ph scale? | neutral |
| what does stimuli belong to? | living things |
| living things maintain what? | homeostasis |
| cell | smallest capable unit of all life functions |
| what type of change is the melting of lead? | chemical |
| what is science? | process by which we find answers about the universe |
| what type of charge does a proton have | positive |
| what type of charge does an electron have | negative |
| what is the atomic mass? | number of protons and number of neutrons |
| who was linus pauling | established electronegativity constants |
| growth rate | number per unit time |
| three dispersal methods | 1. clumped2. even3. random |
| what does a pyramid graph represent? | undeveloped countries |
| name the two growth curves | 1. exponential rapid2. logistical realistic |
| what does an ionic bond form? | ions |
| living things display what? | organization |
| living things | reproduce |
| dormancy | enter a state of reduced activity during long periods of bad conditions |
| what do ecologists study when studying a community? | how a species interactshow interactions influence a community |
| agricultural revolution | profound changes in life, stabilize/increase available food supply |
| 2 ways population size can be calculated | 1. count number of individuals (immobile organisims)2. estimate individual number (sampling) |
| unit for population density | number of individuals per unit area or volume |
| species | group of same type organism that can mate producing fertile offspring |
| population | two or more members of a species in an area per unit |
| logistic growth | model of a population group where birth and death rates vary by population size and eqaul carrying capacity |
| immigration | movement of individuals into a population |
| emigration | movement of individuals out of a population |
| inbreeding | mating with relatives |
| cells contain what? | specialized structures carrying out cells life processes (membrane/DNA) |
| ecosystem | all the biotic and abiotic components of an environment |
| heterotroph | an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-product |
| objective lens | positioned directly above the specimen; enlarges specimen's image |
| theory | a broad and comprehensive statement of what is believed to be true; supported by considerable experimental evidence resulting from many tests of related hyptheses |
| what is dispersion? | the spatial distribution of individuals within a population |
| why is the thinning of the ozone layer a serious problem? | causes sunburns and skin cancer1% UV radiation onto surface |
| how does growth occur? | adaptation and evolution |
| cells and groups of cells may be organized by what? | function |
| all organisms display | organization |
| what is an atom? | smallest portion of an element that is still an element |
| cell wall | tough, rigid covering giving the cell its shape |
| all living things are made up of | cells |
| where is the cytoskeleton found? | in the cytoplasm |
| what does the rough er do to its proteins? | folds them |
| chromosome | coiled up chromatin, densly packed |
| chromatin | DNA/protein |
| what type of cell has a cell wall? | plant |
| what are the two different types of er? | smooth and rough |
| what directs or controls all cellular activities? | nucleus |
| this makes proteins | ribosomes |
| how many groups can cells be seperated into? | two |
| RER does what to its proteins? | folds them |
| What directs all cellular activities? | nucleus |
| uses light energy to make a sugar | chloroplast |
| regulates interactions between cell and environment | cell membrane |
| small holes in nuclear envelope | nuclear pores |
| eukaryote cell | organisms with cells containing membrane bound nucleus and other organelles |
| chloroplasts contain what? | chlorophyll |
| nuclear envelope | double envelope surrounding nucleous |
| species diversity | number of species in a community in relation to relative abundance of each species |
| what is diffusion driven by? | kinetic energy molecules possess |
| osmosis | when water molecules diffuse across cell membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration |
| hypotonic | concentration of solute molecules outside cell is lower than concentration in cytosol |
| decomposer | break down of complex molecules to dead tissues into noncomplex molecules |
| facilitated diffusion | molecules not diffusing rapidly, movement in cell assisted by proteins in membrane |
| how do scientists calculate species diversity? | measure/estimate population size of all species in community |
| parasite | organism feeding on the other organism |
| mimicry | species resembles a poisonous/distasteful species; two or more dangerous/distasteful species look alike |
| what is competitive exclusion? | 1 species eliminated from community by competition for same resource |
| what is mutualism? | both species benefit; some species cannot survive without the other |
| stability | communities resistance to change |
| primary succession | development of community in area not yet supporting life yet |
| pioneer species | species predominating early in succession; small, fast growing, fast reproducing |
| species richness | number of species a community contains |
| what are proteins needed for? | chemical reactions |
| what do the long extensions on the nerve cell enable it to do? | recieve/transmit nerve impulses |
| protects cell and gives it it's shape | cell wall |
| ribosomes are found in what er? | rough |
| all organisms are made up of how many cells? | one or more cells |
| what are a series of folded membranes where materials are processed and moved around? | er, endoplasmic reticulum |
| what part of cell packages materials/moves them outside of cell? | golgi bodies |
| in a one-celled organism growth is due to the cells increase in what? | size |
| where is the cell wall located? | cell membrane |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum has what attached to it? | ribosomes |
| what is the role of the nucleus in relation to cell? | nucleus directs all cellular activity |
| are ribosomes surrounded by a membrane? | no |
| constantly flows inside the cell | cytoplasm |
| what does the cell membrane regulate? | interactions between the cell and its environment |
| competition | 1 organism vies for the basic resources of another organism |
| what does evolution mean? | change over long period of time |
| how do nonliving things grow? | accumulating more of the material they are made up of |
| why do organisms require energy? | maintains moleuclar organization and cellular organization; ability to grow and reproduce |
| where is the ozone layer in the atmosphere most diminishing over? | antarctica |
| three characteristics of a population | 1. size2. density3. dispersion |
| photosynthesis | the conversion of light energy into chemical energy stored in organic compounds |
| stage | where specimen is placed |
| evolution | all the changes that have formed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity that characterizes it today |
| anabolism | building up of chemical reactions |
| carrying capacity | the number of individuals the environment can support over a long period of time |
| exponential growth | model of population growth whereas birth and death rates are constant |
| limiting factor | factor restraining the growth of a population |
| 3 dispersal patterns | clumped, even, or random |
| hunter-gatherer lifestyle | humans live in small nomadic groups obtaining food by hunting |
| dispersion | spatial distribution of individuals within a population |
| three characteristics of a population | size density, and dispersion |
| what does ecology involve? | involves seeking patterns, collecting organism information on environment, and seeking explorations |
| fundamental niche | range of conditions that a species may tolerate and the range of resources it may use |
| three effects of global warming | ice caps melting, crop damage (less biodiversity) and flooding of main cities |
| nitrogen cycle | nitrogen |
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twilightfan24
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