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Biology Exam
Biology Vocab
| Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| CELL CYCLE | |
| CHROMOSOME | |
| SOMATIC | |
| GAMETE | |
| CHROMATIN | |
| CHROMATICS | |
| CENTROMERE | |
| MITOSIS | |
| CYTOKINESIS | |
| MEIOSIS | |
| KINETOCHORE | |
| CLEAVAGE FURROW | |
| CELL PLATE | |
| BINARY FISSION | |
| ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION | |
| CLONE | |
| SEXUAL REPRODUCTION | |
| KARYOTYPE | |
| HOMOLOGOUS CHROM | |
| SEX CHROM | |
| AUTOSOME CHROM | |
| ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS | |
| GAMETOPHYTE | |
| SPOROPHYTE | |
| SYNAPSIS | |
| CROSSING OVER | |
| ZYGOTE | |
| setae | external bristles of annelids |
| GENOTYPE | |
| bronchi | Tubes that carry air from the trachea to the lungs (sing.: bronchus). |
| open circulatory system | A system in which the circulating fluid is not enclosed in vessels at all times; found in insects, crayfish, some mollusks, and other invertebrates |
| Calvin cycle | Series of biochemical, enzyme-mediated reactions during which atmospheric carbon dioxide is reduced and incorporated into organic molecules, eventually some of this forms sugars. In eukaryotes, this occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast. |
| helper T cells | A type of lymphocyte that stimulates the production of antibodies by activating B cells when an antigen is present. |
| carbohydrates | Organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that serve as energy sources and structural materials for cells of all organisms. |
| cellulose | A polysaccharide that is composed of unbranched chains of glucose; the major structural carbohydrate of plants, insoluble in water, and indigestible in the human intestine. |
| grana | A series of stacked thylakoid disks containing chlorophyll; found in the inner membrane of chloroplasts. |
| dark reactions | The photosynthetic process in which food (sugar) molecules are formed from carbon dioxide from the atmosphere with the use of ATP; can occur in the dark as long as ATP is present. |
| electron transport chain | A series of coupled oxidation/reduction reactions where electrons are passed like hot potatoes from one membrane-bound protein/enzyme to another before being finally attached to a terminal electron acceptor (usually oxygen or NADPH). ATP is formed by this |
| green algae | Common name for algae placed in the division Chlorophyta |
| nephron | tubelike structure in the kidneys that filters wastes from the body and retains useful molecules |
| dinoflagellates | Single-celled to colonial protistans characterized by two flagella, one girdling the cell and the other trailing the cell. |
| glucose | A six-carbon single sugar; the most common energy source |
| PHENOTYPE | |
| embryo | Term applied to the zygote after the beginning of mitosis that produces a multicellular structure. |
| ventricle | thick-walled heart chamber that pumps blood from the heart |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| golden brown algae | Common name applied to the protistan division Chrysophyta |
| cephalization | evolution of a definite head |
| choanocyte | flagellated cells that help draw water in |
| cnidocyte | stinging cells found on the tentacles of some animals |
| coelom | fluid filled body cavity that develops within the mesoderm |
| cellular respiration | The transfer of energy from various molecules to produce ATP; occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotes, the cytoplasm of prokaryotes. In the process, oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide is generated. |
| ectoderm | The outer layer of cells in embryonic development; gives rise to the skin, brain, and nervous system. Also, the outermost tissue layer in þatworms. |
| endoderm | gives rise to the digestive organsThe inner layer of cells in embryonic development that gives rise to organs and tissues associated with digestion and respiration. Also, the inner tissue layer in þatworms. |
| CHISASMA | |
| fossil record | . The observed remains of once-living organisms taken as a whole. 2. the album Meet the Beatles. |
| exoskeleton | rigid external shell made of chitin |
| mesoderm | gives rise to the skeleton and muscles |
| cuticle | A film composed of wax and cutin that occurs on the external surface of plant stems and leaves and helps to prevent water loss. |
| guard cells | Specialized epidermal cells that flank stomates and whose opening and closing regulates gas exchange and water loss. |
| extracellular digestion | A form of digestion found in annelids, crustaceans, and chordates including vertebrates; takes place within the lumen of the digestive system, and the resulting nutrient molecules are transferred into the blood or body þuid. |
| pseudocoelom | body cavity located between the endoderm and mesoderm |
| water vascular system | hydraulic system used to aid movement |
| cilia | Hair-like organelles extending from the membrane of many eukaryotic cells; often function in locomotion |
| vertebrate | chordates that have evelved a vertebral column and head |
| coelomates | Animals that have a coelom or body cavity lined with mesoderm. |
| filter feeders | Organisms such as sponges that feed by removing food from water that Þlters through their body. |
| ganglia | Clusters of neurons that receive and process signals; found in þatworms and earthworms. |
| gametes | Haploid reproductive cells (ovum and sperm). |
| flame cell | A specialized cell at the blind end of a nephridium that Þlters body þuids. |
| diploid | Cells that contain homologous chromosomes. The number of chromosomes in the cells is the diploid number and is equal to 2n (n is the number of homologous pairs). |
| Fungi | Nonmobile, heterotrophic, mostly multicellular eukaryotes, including yeasts and mushrooms. |
| fertilization | The fusion of two gametes (sperm and ovum) to produce a zygote that develops into a new individual with a genetic heritage derived from both parents. Strictly speaking, fertilization can be divided into the fusion of the cells (plasmogamy) and the fusion |
| germ cells | Collective term for cells in the reproductive organs of multicellular organisms that divide by meiosis to produce gametes. |
| glycolysis | The universal cellular metabolic process in the cell's cytoplasm where 6-carbon glucose is split into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules, and some ATP and NADH are produced. Click here to view the On-Line Biology Book chapter on glycolysis. |
| metamorphosis | process of change an immature organism passes as it grows to adulthood |
| cytoskeleton | tail spine of many decapodsA three-dimensional network of microtubules and filaments that provides internal support for the cells, anchors internal cell structures, and functions in cell movement and division. |
| evolution | 1) The change in life over time by adaptation, variation, over-reproduction, and differential survival/reproduction, a process referred to by Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace as natural selection. 2) Descent with modification. |
| nymph | juvenile stage of some insects that is a smaller version of the adult |
| trachea | tube that carries air from the larynx to the lungs |
| fluid-mosaic model | Widely accepted model of the plasma membrane in which proteins (the mosaic) are embedded in lipids (the þuid). |
| Euglenoids | Term applied to a division of protozoans that have one long flagellum, no cell wall, and which may have chloroplasts. |
| epiglottis | A flap of tissue that closes off the trachea during swallowing. |
| evolutionary tree | A diagram showing the evolutionary history of organisms based on differences in amino acid sequences. Organisms with fewer differences are placed closer together while those with more differences are further apart. |
| exoskeleton | A hard, jointed, external covering that encloses the muscles and organs of an organism; typical of many arthropods including insects. |
| endergonic reactions | Chemical reactions that require energy input to begin. |
| hemoglobin | A red pigment in red blood cells that can bind with oxygen and is largely responsible for the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity. Hemoglobin is composed of four polypeptide chains, two alpha (a) and two beta (b) chains. |
| homeostasis | The ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment |
| hypertonic | A solution having a high concentration of solute. |
| hypotonic | A solution having a low concentration of solute. |
| intracellular digestion | A form of digestion in which food is taken into cells by phagocytosis; found in sponges and most protozoa and coelenterates. |
| isotonic | Term applied to two solutions with equal solute concentrations. |
| Kreb's cycle | Biochemical cycle in cellular aerobic metabolism where acetyl CoA is combined with oxaloacetate to form citric acid; the resulting citric acid is converted into a number of other chemicals, eventually reforming oxaloacetate; NADH, some ATP, and FADH2 are |
| larva | A stage in the development of many insects and other organisms including sea urchins and sponges. In sponges, sexual reproduction results in the production of motile ciliated larvae. |
| lichens | Autotrophic organisms composed of a fungus (sac or club fungus) and a photosynthetic unicellular organism (e.g., a cyanobacterium or alga) in a symbiotic relationship; are resistant to extremes of cold and drought and can grow in marginal areas such as Ar |
| TETRAD | |
| lysosomes | Membrane-enclosed organelles containing digestive enzymes. The lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles and enzymes contained within the lysosome chemically breakdown and/or digest the food vacuole's contents. |
| mantle | In mollusks, a membranous or muscular structure that surrounds the visceral mass and secretes a shell if one is present. |
| medusa | The motile bell-shaped form of body plan in cnidarians; e.g., jellyfish. |
| meiosis | Cell division in which the chromosomes replicate, followed by two nuclear divisions. Each of the resulting gametes (in animals, spores in plants) receives a haploid set of chromosomes. Reduction/division by which ploidy, the number of sets of homologous c |
| mesoderm | The middle layer of cells in embryonic development; gives rise to muscles, bones, and structures associated with reproduction. The middle embryonic tissue layer. Cells and structures arising from the mesoderm include the bone, blood, muscle, skin, and rep |
| mesoglea | A gel-like matrix that occurs between the outer and inner epithelial layers in cnidarians. |
| metabolism | The sum of all chemical reactions (energy exchanges) in cells. |
| metamorphosis | The process of changing from one form to another; e.g., in insects, from the larval stage to the pupal stage to the reproductive adult stage. |
| mitosis | The division of the cell's nucleus and nuclear material of a cell; consists of four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Cell xeroxing. Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotes. The DNA of the cell is replicated during interphase of the cell cyc |
| mutualism | A form of symbiosis in which both species benefit. A type of symbiosis where both organisms benefit. The classic example is lichens, which is a symbiosis between an alga and a fungus. The alga provides food and the fungus provides water and nutrients. |
| mycelium | The mass of interwoven filaments of hyphae in a fungus. |
| nephridium | The excretory organ in þatworms and other invertebrates; a blind-ended tubule that expels waste through an excretory pore. |
| notochord | In chordates, a cellular rod that runs the length of the body and provides dorsal support. Also, a structure of mesoderm in the embryo that will become the vertebrae of the spinal column. The stiff rod-like structure that all members of the Phylum Chordat |
| orders | Taxonomic subcategories of classes |
| ovum | The female gamete, egg. |
| oxidation | The loss of electrons from the outer shell of an atom; often accompanied by the transfer of a proton and thus involves the loss of a hydrogen ion. The loss of electrons or hydrogens in a chemical reaction. |
| palisade | Layer of mesophyll cells in leaves that are closely placed together under the epidermal layer of the leaf. Palisade parenchyma: Columnar cells located just below the upper epidermis in leaves the cells where most of the light absorbtion in photosynthesis |
| parasites | Organisms that live in, with, or on another organism. The parasites beneÞt from the association without contributing to the host, usually they cause some harm to the host. |
| PGAL | A substance formed from PGA during the dark reaction of photosynthesis. Some PGAL leaves the cycle and can be converted to glucose, while other PGAL molecules are used to reform ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) to continue the dark reaction. |
| pharynx | The passageway between the mouth and the esophagus and trachea. Food passes from the pharynx to the esophagus, and air passes from the pharynx to the trachea. |
| phloem | Tissue in the vascular system of plants that moves dissolved sugars and other products of photosynthesis from the leaves to other regions of the plant. Phloem tissue consists of cells called sieve tubes and companion cells. Cells of the vascular system in |
| hydrophilic | Water-loving. Term applied to polar molecules that can form a hydrogen bond with water. |
| hydrophobic | Water-fearing.Term applied to nonpolar molecules that cannot bond with water. |
| phospholipids | Asymmetrical lipid molecules with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. Lipids with a phosphate group in place of one of the three fatty acid chains. Phospholipids are the building blocks of cellular membranes. Phospholipids have hydrophilic heads (g |
| planula larva | The larval form of a member of phylum Cnidaria.The ________ is microscopic and sausage-shaped with cilia, and does not eat. The animal is a _______between the time it develops from a fertilized egg until it settles onto a substrate and becomes sessile. Th |
| plasmids | Self-replicating, circular DNA molecules found in bacterial cells; often used as vectors in recombinant DNA technology. Small circles of double-stranded DNA found in some bacteria. Plasmids can carry from four to 20 genes. Plasmids are a commonly used vec |
| plasmolysis | Osmotic condition in which a cell loses water to its outside environment |
| plastids | Membrane-bound organelles in plant cells that function in storage (of food or pigments) or food production. Term for any double membrane-bound organelle. Chloroplasts contain the chemicals for photosynthesis, amyloplasts (also known as leukoplasts) store |
| pseudopodia | Temporary cytoplasmic extensions from a cell that enables it to move (sing.: pseudopodium). |
| radially symmetrical | In animals, refers to organisms with their body parts arranged around a central axis. Such animals tend to be circular or cylindrical in shape. |
| red algae | Common name for the algae placed in the division Rhodophyta. |
| red tides | Phenomenon associated with population explosions (blooms) of certain types of dinoflagellates; red structures inside the dinoflagellates cause the water to have a reddish color. |
| reduction | The gain of an electron or a hydrogen atom. The gain of electrons or hydrogens in a chemical reaction. |
| reductional division | The Þrst division in meiosis; results in each daughter cell receiving one member of each pair of chromosomes |
| reverse transcriptase | An enzyme used in the replication of retroviruses; aids in copying the retrovirus's RNA into a complementary strand of DNA once inside the host cell. |
| saprophytes | Organisms that obtain their nutrients from decaying plants and animals. Saprophytes are important in recycling organic material. |
| selectively permeable | Term describing a barrier that allows some chemicals to pass but not others. The cell membrane is such a barrier. |
| slime molds | Protistans that may represent a transition between protistans and fungi. |
| stroma | The matrix surrounding the grana in the inner membrane of chloroplasts. The area between membranes (thylakoids, grana) inside the chloroplast. |
| Sporozoans | Members of the protists that are referred to as slime molds; may include organisms resembling the ancestors of fungi. |
| taxon | Term applied group of organisms comprising a given taxonomic category |
| taxonomy | A systematic method of classifying plants and animals. Classification of organisms based on degrees of similarity purportedly representing evolutionary (phylogenetic) relatedness. |
| thoracic cavity | The chest cavity in which the heart and lungs are located. |
| thorax | In many arthropods, one of three regions formed by the fusion of the segments (others are the head and abdomen). |
| tissues | Groups of similar cells organized to carry out one or more speciÞc functions. Groups of cells performing a function in a multicellular organism. |
| vaccine | A preparation containing dead or weakened pathogens that when injected into the body elicit an immune response. |
| vertebrate | Any animal having a segmented vertebral column; members of the subphylum Vertebrata; include reptiles, Þshes, mammals, and birds. |
| white blood cell | Component of the blood that functions in the immune system. Also known as a leukocyte. |
| xylem | Tissue in the vascular system of plants that moves water and dissolved nutrients from the roots to the leaves; composed of various cell types including tracheids and vessel elements. Plant tissue type that conducts water and nutrients from the roots to th |
| zygote | A fertilized egg. A diploid cell resulting from fertilization of an egg by a sperm cell. |
| sessile | permanently attached to a substrate; not free to move about; an attached oyster; sessile marine animals and plants |
| host | an animal or plant that nourishes and supports a parasite; the host does not benefit and is often harmed by the association |
| cleavage | (embryology) the repeated division of a fertilised ovum |
| collar cells | any of the flagellated cells in sponges having a collar of cytoplasm around the flagellum; they maintain a flow of water through the body. They specialize in digestion |
| liver fluke | flatworm parasitic in liver and bile ducts of domestic animals and humans |
| trochophore larva | Most chitons shed their eggs and sperm directly into the sea water. The larva that develops is called a _________: it swims around propelled by circular bands of cilia. Types of ______are found in the life history of several phyla of animals including ann |
| niche | The function or position of an organism or population within an ecological community. |
| niche | The function or position of an organism or population within an ecological community |
| vector | An organism, such as a mosquito or tick, that carries disease-causing microorganisms from one host to another. |
| alimentary canal | The mucous membrane-lined tube of the digestive system through which food passes, in which digestion takes place, and from which wastes are eliminated. It extends from the mouth to the anus and includes the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Als |
| proplastid | Small, colourless plastid precursor, capable of division. It can develop into a chloroplast or other form of plastid and has little internal structure. Found in cambial and other young cells. It is a unspecialized plastid. |
| plastid | Any of several pigmented cytoplasmic organelles found in plant cells and other organisms, having various physiological functions, such as the synthesis and storage of food. |
| PROKARYOTIC | (blank) |
| EUKARYOTIC | (blank) |
| REDUCTIONISM | (blank) |
| NEG VS POS FEEDBACK | (blank) |
| INDUCTION REASONING | (blank) |
| DEDUCTION REASONING | (blank) |
| HYPOTHESIS | (blank) |
| THEORY | (blank) |
| MODEL | (blank) |
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