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Chapter 13 Volcanoes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Magma | liquid rock produced under Earth’s surface. |
| Lava | magma that flows onto Earth’s surface; the rock that forms when lava cools and solidifies. |
| vent | the opening of a volcano. |
| hot spot | a volcanically active area of Earth’s surface, commonly far from a tectonic plate boundary. |
| fissure | a crack through which lava flows to Earth’s surface. |
| Understand the formation of the Hawaiian Islands. | The Islands formed due to hot spot.As the plate slides over plume,magma comes up through the ocean floor and continually builds volcanos until it breaches the oceans surface and becomes an island.The plate keeps moving along, createing strings of islands. |
| Mafic | describes magma or igneous rock that is rich in magnesium and iron and that is generally dark in color. Comes from melted oceanic crust. |
| Felsic | describes magma or igneous rock that is rich in feldspars and silica and that is generally light in color. Comes from melted continental crust. |
| viscosity | the resistance to flow of a fluid. Describes how runny or sticky magma is. |
| pyroclastic material | fragments of rock that form during an explosive volcanic eruption. |
| Caldera | a large, circular depression that forms when the magma chamber below a volcano partially empties and causes the ground above to sink. |
| Understand the differences between mafic and felsic lavas (composition, what type of crust they are associated with, their viscosity), and how they are related to the different types of eruptions. | Mafic—rich in magnesium and iron, dark in color, melted oceanic crust, low viscosity, quiet eruptions.Felsic—rich in feldspars and silica, light in color, melted continental crust, high viscosity, explosive eruptions like that at Mt. Helens. |
| Understand the cinder cones | .Cinder cone—very small, steep volcano. Made from small eruptions of pyroclastic material. Sometimes found on the slopes of a shield volcano like Mauna Kea. |
| Which events may signal an impending volcanic eruption | Swarm of small earthquakes Increased gases or small plumes of ash Changes in the slope of the volcano’s flank Ground inflation |
| Understand Shield Volcanoes | Shield volcanoes—broad at the base with gently sloping sides. Example: Hawaiian volcanoes like Mauna Kea. |
| Understand the Composite Volcanoes | Composite volcanoes—alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic material. More of a “traditional” volcano shape. Example: Mt. St. Helens |
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baileypierson
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