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OCNG CH.1-5
Oceanography
| CS coordinates | 30.62N, 96.33W |
| Latitude | ang. dist. measured N to S of equator: HORIZONTAL; PARALLELS |
| Longitude | ang. dist. measured E to W of prime or Greenwich meridian: VERTICAL |
| North Pole | 90N |
| South Pole | 90S |
| Closer to Greenwich, England | the SMALLER the longitude |
| International date line | 180E or 180W |
| boat tech. developed | 40,000 yrs ago for food and trade |
| greeks determined latitude in | 325 BC |
| greeks navigated using | the North Star |
| herodotus | made inaccurate world map in 450 BC |
| claudius ptolemy | made fairly accurate world map in 150 AD + 1st to use lat. and long. |
| Arabs | traded w E. Africa, India, and SE Asia + learned to use Indian ocean MONSOON winds |
| Vikings | explored N. Atlantic ocean, settled Iceland and Greenland in 9/10 th AD. abandoned settlements bc of COLD weather |
| Zheng He | 120m ships (columbus 26m), diplomatic missions rather than trade |
| Magellan (Spanish) | proved globe was a SPHERE by going around it |
| Cpt. James Cook | 3 science journeys; sampled sea water, wind, current, depth, coral reefs; searched for antarctica |
| Sun | in arm of Milky Way |
| Nebular hypothesis | all bodies in S.S formed from big cloud of H & He; sun formed from concentration of material at center---protoplanets formed from smaller concentrations |
| Protoearth | larger than today's Earth; heavier elements moved to center; solar wind blew away nebular gas in initial atmo. ; contraction caused heat production in core from radioactivity |
| Moon formed from | collision of Earth with Mars-sized planet named Theia |
| Gravitational separation | high dense= center/core low dense= around core |
| chemical | chem. makeup of Earth |
| crust | low dense; mainly silicate |
| mantle | Fe and Mg silicates |
| core | high dense, Fe and Ni |
| physical | how rock responds to high T and high P |
| lithosphere | cool, RIGID, brittle (crust + upper mantle) |
| asthenosphere | warm, PLASTIC (flow), high viscosity, imp. for movement of lithospheric plates (upper mantle) |
| more molecules in a drop of water or sand? | water |
| oceans cover | 70.8% of earth |
| pacific ocean | marianas trench, oldest ocean, BIGGEST ocean---deeper than the height of Mt. Everest |
| atlantic ocean | 2nd largest ocean, expanding, mid-ocean ridge |
| indian ocean | 3rd largest ocean |
| arctic ocean | smallest ocean |
| antarctic ocean | plus one ocean |
| avg depth of world oceans | 3,682 m cubed (12,080 feet) |
| avg height of continents | 840 meters (2756 feet) |
| Polynesians | good sea travelers |
| Phoenicians | dev. navigation of med. ppl; 1st recorded circumnavigation of Africa |
| pytheas | determined latitude using north star 325 BC |
| eratosthenes | determined earths circum. using stick in hole as 40,000 km pretty accurate |
| arabs | dom. navigation during middle ages bc they kept info that wasnt burned in the fire of Alexandria; used monsoon winds to travel |
| middle/dark ages | religion (Christianity)on the rise and sci. info lost or ignored |
| vikings | colonized greenland and new foundland from iceland but later left bc no food and colder climate; 9/10th century |
| age of discovery | europe (1492-1522); started by christopher columbus |
| geological oceanography | study of sea floor structures and sediments |
| chemical oceanography | study of chem composition and properties of seawater and pollutant effects |
| physical oceanography | study of waves, tides, and currents; ocean and atmo. w climate; transmission of light and sound waves in ocean |
| biological oceanography | study of ocean life-forms, marine environments, and sustainable methods of getting seafood |
| oceanography | interdisciplinary; study of all aspects of marine environments |
| mesosphere | rigid |
| outer core | liquid |
| inner core | rigid |
| earth layers chem, props. | crust, mantle, core |
| earths layers phys. props. | lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, inner core, outer core |
| continental crust | low density, thick, granite; 35 km |
| oceanic crust | high density, thin, basalt; 8 km |
| isostatic adjustment | ability of crust to move vertically bc buoyancy of lithosphere ex. ship w vs. w/o cargo |
| outgassing | after 1st atmo. (H & He) was blown away by solar winds; low dense gases rose to surface |
| creation of ocean salinity | acid rain dissolved chems. and salts into the ocean |
| stanley miller experiment | developed organic compounds out of inorganic compounds |
| oxygen | 21% of atmo. |
| early oceans | prebiotic soup---life originates |
| earliest life forms | heterotrophs and autotrophs |
| heterotrophs | req. external food source |
| autotrophs | can make own food |
| anaerobic bacteria | do not need oxygen |
| chemosynthesis | get nutrients from deep-water hydrothermal vents in oceans |
| respiration | process by which food is turned into energy |
| great oxidation event | earth's atmo. became oxygen rich 2.45 billion years ago------able to support life |
| half-life | amount of time it takes a half a sample of atoms to decay into other element's atoms |
| radiometric age dating | determines and compares radioactivity amount and decay amount-----more decay=older |
| earth age | 4.6 billion years |
| present era | cenozoic |
| 1st permanent ocean | 4 billion years ago |
| 1st life form | fossilized bacteria from 3.6 billion years ago |
| alfred wegener | continental drift |
| huge ocean | panthalassa |
| most reliable rocks for magnetite | igneous rock------basalt |
| paleomagnetism | study of earth's ancient mag. field |
| magnetic dip | degree that a magnetite particle points towards earth-----LATITUDE |
| mag. field reversals | avg. of every ~450,000 yrs and takes an avg. of ~5,000 yrs to flip |
| harry hess | sea floor spreading------convection cells |
| rate of sea floor spreading greatest in | pacific ocean |
| most large earthquakes occur at | ocean trenches------W. Coast |
| plates moved | faster the past----heat flow (heat rising out of earths center) |
| 90% of plate boundaries are in | sea floor |
| 3 type of plate boundaries | 1. divergent 2. convergent 3. transform |
| divergent boundaries | found in ocean RIDGES |
| convergent boundaries | plates move together & one plate subjects under the other TRENCHES |
| transform boundaries | plates slowly grind up against each other |
| oceanic rises | fast spreading parts of the mid-ocean ridge;gentler ------EAST PACIFIC RISE |
| oceanic ridges | slow spreading parts of the mid-ocean ridge;rigid-----MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE |
| less energy released in an earthquake when | sea floor spreads fast |
| andesite | rock made of both granite and basalt |
| continental-continental convergence | mountains form bc both have same density |
| continental-oceanic convergence | continental arc and trenches----ocean plate subsides |
| oceanic-oceanic convergence | deepest trenches and island arc (volcanoes)---older/denser sea floor subsides |
| larger earthquakes on | continental transform boundary----San Andreas Fault W.Coast |
| hotspots | not assoc. w plate boundaries unless they are divergent boundaries where lithosphere is thin |
| nematath | chain of volcanoes/islands that get younger and more active as older ones move away from hotspot |
| seamounts | large underwater volcanoes on the seafloor shaped like cones-----like land volcanoes |
| tablemounts | large underwater volcanoes on seafloor with flat top----unlike land volcanoes |
| coral reef dev. | 1. fringing reefs 2. barrier reef 3. atoll |
| paleogeography | study of historical changes of continental shapes and positions |
| continental accretion | when continents add material----like snowball |
| wilson cycle | life cycle of ocean basins |
| bathymetry | measurement of ocean depths & charting the ocean floor |
| fathom | stand. unit of ocean depth |
| 3 major ocean provinces | 1. continental margins 2. deep-ocean basins 3. mid-ocean ridge |
| continental margins | shallow water closer to continents |
| deep-water basins | deeper water further out |
| mid-ocean ridge | areas of shallow water in the middle of the ocean |
| passive margins | lack major tectonic activity---earthquakes, volcanoes, mt. form. (E.Coast) |
| active margins | high degree of tectonic activity-----continental-oceanic convergent margins & transform margins |
| continental borderland | areas w high relief showing that the continental shelf is not flat bc of the proximity to a fault |
| largest volcano on earth | tamu massif |
| mid-ocean ridge covers and has | 23% of earth & volcanic activity common |
| pillow lava | when lava comes out and meets w the cold seawater round shaped rocks from |
| submarine canyons | formed by turbidity currents |
| tranform faults | plates travel in opp. dir.; seismic activity |
| fracture zones | plates travel in same dir.; no seismic activity |
| lithified | sediments become rock-----sedimentary rock |
| 4 main types of marine sediments | 1. lithogenous 2. biogenous 3. hydrogenous 4. cosmogenous |
| neritic deposits | closer to shore; shallow water; larger grain |
| pelagic deposits | in the ocean; smaller grain |
| quartz | most abundant; chem. stable, and durable-----sand |
| lithogenous | begins as rocks and gets weathered & eroded into oceans |
| biogenous | derived from the hard parts of once living organisms---teeth, shells. bones |
| tests | tiny shells of microscopic organisms |
| 2 most common chem. compounds of biogenous sediment | calcium carbonate and silica |
| planktonic | free floating---diatoms & radiolarians |
| diatoms | algae (planktonic) |
| radiolarians | protozoans---animals (planktonic) |
| diatomaceous earth | when silica ooze lithifies it turns into a white lightweight rock |
| silica ooze | made of diatoms and radiolarians |
| calcium carbonate ooze | foraminifers and coccolithophores (nannoplankton) |
| coccolith-rich calcareous ooze | chalk;white cliffs of dover |
| 3 types of dist. of biogenous sediments | 1.productivity-how many orgs. on surface water depends on how much ooze will form 2.destruction-some tests may dissolve in sea water before reaching seafloor 3.dilution-req. 30% bio. to be classified as such |
| limestone | formed primarily of calcium carbonate |
| lysocline | depth @ which P is high enough and CO2 levels are high enough to dissolve calcium carbonate-----after it reaches here it dissolves faster |
| CCD | when calcium carbonate passes this level it no longer dissolves bc it is fully dissolved-----4500m; above CCD calcite is stable |
| silica secreting | cold water; high lat. |
| calcite secreting | warm water; low lat. ; shallow water |
| upwelling | deep-ocean water rises to surface to provide nutrients= high productivity |
| hydrogenous | derived from being dissolved in water and then precipitating |
| manganese nodules | made of Mn + other metals; nucleation-----hydrogenous |
| cosmogenous | microscopic spherules and macroscopic meters debris |
| what forms above subduction zones (trenches)? | volcanic arc---continental arc |
| pangea | 340-500 million years ago |
| most lithogenous material found and carried to deep ocean by | close to continental margin and carried by rivers |
| angstroms | how atoms are measured |
| water | universal solvent----high heat capacity=can take in or lose heat w/o changing heat much; latent heats |
| hydration | when water molecules completely surround an ion |
| calorie | energy req. to raise 1g of water by 1 degree C |
| global thermostatic effects | regulate earth's climate |
| dissolved substances (salt in seawater); increase in salinity | decreases freezing point and temp. of max. density (4 degrees for pure water) |
| avg. ocean salinity | 35 ppt (3.5%) |
| salinometer | measure salinity by electrical conductivity= more conductivity means more salt |
| seawater | slightly alkaline |
| brackish | saltwater and freshwater mix |
| high salinity | high density |
| hydrologic cycle | process affecting seawater salinity |
| residence time | avg. time a substance remains in the seawater----short RT=small concentration; long RT=high concentration |
| high lat. | low salinity bc of sea ice melting |
| med. lat | high salinity bc near equator so evaporation |
| low. lat. | low salinity bc precipitation and runoffs |
| higher salinity in | atlantic than pacific bc it has more evaporation that precipitation |
| halocline | separates diff layers of salinity |
| salinity decreases w depth | low lat. |
| salinity increases w depth | high lat. |
| thermocline | change in temp. w depth= DECREASE in T in low alt. from 300-1000m after 1000m relatively stable |
| isothermal | same heat; high lat. |
| sea water density increases | salinity increases, pressure increases, temp. decreases |
| pycnocline | change in density w depth. |
| isopycnal | same density; high lat. all very dense bc cold water |
Created by:
daisy98
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