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Embryo 3 - PCC
Embryo 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Symetrical premature closure of sutures | Ocycephaly |
| Assymetrical premature closure of sutures | Plagiocephaly |
| Premature closure of sagital sutures | Scaphocephaly |
| Premature closure of coronal sutures | Acrocephaly |
| Complete abscence of limbs | Amelia |
| Absence or reduction of proximal portion of limbs | Phocomelia |
| Reduction of distal part of limbs | Meromelia |
| Hypoplasia and fusion of limbs | Sympodia |
| First Arch AKA | Mandibular arch |
| First arch : upper portions form from? | Palate and maxilla |
| First arch: lower portion has 3 cartilages | Meckel's - lower jaw, incus and malleus |
| Second arch AKA | Reicherts cartilage |
| 2nd arch: Dorsal or upper portion produces the what? | Stappes |
| 2nd arch: VEntral or lower portion forms the lesser half of ___ with the ____ | Hyoid and lesser horn |
| Third arch produces the caudal half of the ____ and _____ | Hyoid bone and greater horn |
| 4th and 6th arches gives rise to the _____ | Larynx |
| Type of cystuc kidney that does not manifest itself before adult life | Type 5 |
| Which type of cystic kidney are associated with many trisomies? | Type 3 |
| Hurler's syndrome (gargoylism) Growth : ____ Skeleton: _____ | Growth usually slows down between 6 to 18 months. Max height is 110cms. Skeleton: Flaring of ribs, kyphosis and joint deformities |
| Achondroplasia syndrome: Growth, sketal, other | Small stature (125 cms) Lumbar lordosis, short tubular bones, thoracolumbar kyphosis, mild hypotonia |
| A mild form of achondroplasia? | Hypochondroplasia |
| Hurler's syndrome : 3 main diffrences from Hunter's | 1. Clear corneas 2. Males only 3. Gradual onset |
| Duplication of distal part of limbs | Dichiria |
| Presence of extra digits | Polydactily |
| Fusion of the digits | Syndactily |
| Short digits | Bradydactily |
| Third arch innervation | Glossopharyngeal (9) |
| Long digits with extra phalanges | Hyperphalangism |
| Membrane bones (2) | Face, cranial roof |
| Cartilaginous skeleton which develops from visceral or branchial arch mesenchyme | Splanchnochondrocranium |
| Ossified regions of neurochondrocramium (4) | Ethmoidal, sphenoidal, temporal, occipital |
| Forms the sides and roof or the neurocranium | Neuromembranocranium |
| What kind of ossification in the neurocramium | Intramembranous |
| 9 bones of the neuromembranocranium | 2 parietals, 2 frontals, vomer, 2 nasal, 2 lacrimal |
| The splanchnomembranocranium gives rise to what? | Premaxillae and maxiallae |
| Upper ribs fuse with cervical vertebra to produce what? | transverse foramen |
| In lumbar region, ribs are short and are fused with what? | Transverse process |
| Spina bifida that is limited to skeletal components of vertebra | Spina bifida occulta |
| 6 important factors in muscle development | 1. Change in direction from original craniocaudal 2. Migration 3. Fusion with successive myotomes 4. Longitudinal splitting of myotomes 5. Tangental splitting og myotomes 6. Degeneration of myotomes |
| What do rib develop from? | Mesenchyme and cartilage of costal process |
| In sacral region, ribs are presentes by prominant flat plates called | Pars lateralis |
| 3 characteristics of congenital scoliosis | 1. Numerical variation 2. Morphological variation 3. combo of 1 and 2 |
| Muscular system develops from | Mesoderm |
| Hypomeres or hypaxial series is invervated by what? | Ventral primary ramus |
| At 5 weeks: Dorsal divion of myotome Ventral division of myotome | 1. Epimere 2. Hypomere |
| The epimere or epaxial series are innervated by what? | Dorsal primary ramus |
| MEsenchyme in made from what? | Somite mesoderm |
| Somite involved in the skeleton formation | Scleretome |
| 3 types of cartilage | 1. Hyaline 2. Elastic 3. Fibrocartilage |
| Remaining bones of body are made from ___ bone | Cartilaginous bone |
| Membrane bones form from ____ ossification | Intramembranous |
| Cartilage bones form from ____ ossification | Endochondral |
| Nerocramium develops from how many ossification centers? | 2 - endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification |
| Makes up cartilagenous base of neurocramium and skull | Neurochondrocranium |
| Neurochondrocranium ossification ? Neuromembranocranium ossification? | 1.Endochondral ossification 2. Intramembranous ossification |
| Ossification begins at what week? | 9th |
| Membrane-covered spaces of neuromembranocranium? | Fontanelles |
| First arch is innervated by? | Trigeminal (5) |
| Second arch innervation? | Facial (7) |
| Vetebral column is formed from somite mesenchyme called what? | Sclerotomes |
| Cedlls of each sclerotome mass proliferate in what region? | caudal |
| Advantages of intersegmental development | 1. Muscle attachment 2. Never emergence |
| Medial growth around neural tube on each side develops into 2_____ | Vetebral arches |
| What is the first bone to undergo ossification in the body? | Clavicle |
| 5 secondary centers of ossification | Rims (2), spinous process, TPs (2) |
| How many chondrofication centers for each thoracic rib? | One |
| ____ or cartilagenous vertebral body develops by replacing what? 9th week | Centrum replaces notochord |
| Earliest appearance of sternum is in the form of a pair of mesenchymal bands called what? | Sternal bars |
| Sternum fuses to form a single bone by what year of age? | 25 |
| The clavicle begins as ___ bone but later deveops ____ at both ends of the bone | Intramembranous bone; Growth cartilage |
| Midline defect where there is a non fusion of the vetebral arches | Spina bifida |
| Vetebral defect accompanied by a cyst containing either the meniges or the meminges and spinal cord? | Spina bifida cystica |
| Premature closure of cranial sutures | Craniostenosis |
| Cervical rib anomalies and lumbar rib anomalies? | Ribs = 32% Lumbars = 30% |
| Most common rib that may undergo deformity? | 7th |
| Developed from mesenchyme surrounding the brain? | Neurocranium |
| Forth and sixth arch innervation? | Vagus (10) |
| Most common unilateral muscle defects (3) | Pec most common trap and SCM = least common |
| Congenital muscular torticolis aka? Involves what muscle? | Wryneck ; SCM |
| Urinary system is formed from what mesoderm? | Intermediate mesoderm |
| Open Tubules: One end opens to the ___ and the other end opens to the _____ | Nephrostome; External glomerulus |
| Epithelial cells of the testes | Sertoli cells |
| Primordial germ cells of testes | Spermatoblast |
| Mesonephrose forms from what somite level? How many pairs of mesonephris tubules? | 10th - 26th 38 pairs |
| Type 1 congenital cystic kidneys is usually ___ and is characterised by what? | Bilateral; polycistic kidneys AKA Giant kidneys or Sponge kindneys |
| Permanent kidney AKA ___. Develops at what week? | Metanephros - 5th week |
| In the metanephros the nephrons develop from ___ to ___ somite levels | 26th - 28th |
| Are metamephris tubules open or closed? Internal or external glomerulus? | Closed; Internal glomerulus |
| Open tubules open into the ____ and closed tubules open in the _____ | 1. Coelom 2. Collecting ducts |
| In the male ___ differentiates and the ___ regresses | 1. Medualla 2. Cortex |
| In females, what ducts forms on each side of the body? | Paramesonephris ducts or mullerian ducts |
| Follicular cells are derived from what? | Cortical cords |
| Premoridla germ cells of the testes come from what? | Spermatoblasts |
| In females ___ differentiates and ___ regresses | 1. Cortex 2. Medualla |
| Gonads develop from 3 things | 1.Coelomic epithelium 2. Inner mesenchyme tissue 3. Primordial germ cells |
| The ureteric bud is developed from the ___. At the ___ somite level | 1. Duct system 2. 28th somite level |
| Indifferent gonads inner layer is the ____ Outter layer is the ____ | 1.Medulla 2. Cortex |
| Type 2 cystic kidneys are usually ____. Cysts are what? | Unilateral, variable in size and shape |
| Pronephrose develops from the ___ somite level How many pair of tubules belong to them? | 7 to 10th 4 tubules |
| Ooblast are derived from what? | premordial germ cells |
| The earliest kidney? Replaced by what? Final kidney is what? | 1. Pronephros 2. Mesonephrose 3. Metanephrose |
| How many nephrons does each kidney have? | 2 million |
| 3 rare unilateral muscle defect | 1. Deltoid 2. Spinatus 3. Lats |
| Ovaries which are small in size Most often happens in what? | Ovarian hypoplasia - Turner's syndrome |
| Internal glomerulus is associated with ___? | Closed tubules |
| Bilateral muscle defects involve ___ muscles. More common in ____. | 1. Abdominals 2. Males |
| Type of cystic kidney caused by internal obstruction by membranous folds? | Type 4 |
| Chromatin negative. Chromatin positive. | 1.Male 2. Female |
| Epithelial cells of testes come from what? | Sertolli cells |
| Type 3 cysytic kidneys contain both ___ and ___ tissues and usually ___. | Normal and abnormal tissues and are usually bilateral |
| Primordial follicles of a femal contain 2 things | 1. Ooblast 2. Follicular cells |
| In females pseudohermaphroditism patients are genetic ___ (46 xx) Masculinization is due to what? | 1. Females 2. High levels of androgens secreted by the cerebral cortex |
| FEmale pseudohermaphroditism is assoicated with what? | Adrenal problems with the mother |
| Patients with testes and ambiuguous femal genitalia are classified as what? | Male pseudohermaproditism |
| Males with a urethral opening on the ventral side of the penis instead of the tip. Which 2 types make up 80% of cases? | Hypospadias Glanular and penile |
| Males with a urethral opening on the dorsal side of penis | Epispadise |
Created by:
LrB
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