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Study Guide
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Igneous Rocks | Rocks that forms when magma cools and solidifies. |
| Porphyritic | Igneous rock that has a mixture of large and small crystals... EX: Granite. |
| Vesicular | Igneous rock that has holes produced from gas bubbles trapped during the cooling process... EX: Pumice. |
| Felsic | Describes magma or igneous rock that is rich in feldspars and silica and that is generally light in color. |
| Mafic | Describes magma or igneous rock that is rich in magnesium and iron and that is generally dark in color. |
| How does the rate of cooling influences the grain size of igneous rocks? | An intrusive igneous rock has cooled slowly inside the ground and has large crystals. An extrusive igneous rock cooled quickly above ground, and has a texture with small crystals or no visible crystals. |
| Sedimentary rocks | Rocks created from sediment. Determined by the sources of the sediment, the way the sediment was moved, and the conditions under which it was deposited. |
| Compaction | The process in which the volume and porosity of the sediment is decreased by the weight of the overlaying sediments. |
| Cementation | The process in which minerals precipitate into pore spaces between sediment grains and bind sediment together to form rock. |
| Chemical Sedimentary Rocks | Sedimentary rock that forms when minerals precipitate from a solution or settle from suspension... EX: Halite and Gypsum |
| Organic Sedimentary Rocks | Sedimentary rocks that are formed from the remains of plants or animals... EX: Limestone. |
| Clastic sedimentary Rocks | Sedimentary rock that forms when fragments of preexisting rocks are compacted and cemented together... EX: Shale |
| Sorting | The tendency for currents of air or water to separate sediment according to size. Sediments becomes well sorted after being transported a greater distance. |
| Angularity | Refers to how jagged or smooth the edges of a rock or sediment particle are. |
| Different features of sedimentary rocks and how they form | Stratification- caused by a change in the depositional environment Cross beds - usually found where there were sand dunes or river beds. Graded bedding- different sediments layer according to size. |
| Contact metamorphism | A change in the texture, structure, or chemical composition of a rock due to contact with magma. |
| Regional metamorphism | A change in texture, structure, or chemical composition of a rock due to changes in temp. and pressure over a large area, generally as a result of tectonic forces. |
| Foliated | Metamorphic rock texture in which mineral grains are arranged in plains or bands. |
| Non- Foliated | Metamorphic rock texture in which mineral grains are not arranged in plains or bands. |
| Elastic Rebound | The sudden return of elastically deformed rock to it's undeformed shape. |
| Focus | The location with the Earth along a fault in which the first motion of an earthquake occurs. |
| Epicenter | The point on the Earths surface directly above an earthquake's starting point, or focus |
| Seismic Waves | Energy released in the form of vibrations as rocks along a fault slip into a new positions. |
| Fault Zone | A region of numerous, closely spaced faults EX: North Anatolian fault zone in Turkey. |
| How does stress build up along a fault and get released? | When tectonic plates push up against each other, or try to slide past each other, stress builds up along the fault. Friction keeps the plates from moving until that force is overcome and the plates spring into their new position through elastic rebound. |
| How does the depth of a fault effect an earthquake's intensity ? | With all other factors being equal, the deeper the focus (farther below ground), the lower the intensity, and the shallower the focus (closer to the surface), the greater the intensity. |
| Where are earthquakes likely to happen? | Along a plate boundary . |
| Seismograph | The machine that records vibrations during an earthquake. |
| Seismogram | A tracing of earthquake motion that is recorded by a seismograph. |
| Magnitude | A measure of strength of an earthquake . |
| Intensity | A measure of damage caused by an earthquake . |
| What's the difference between a Richter scale and a Moment Magnitude scale? | The Richter scale is based on ground motion only. The Moment Magnitude scale is based on the area of the fault that moved, the distance the fault blocks moved, and the rigidity of the rocks in the fault zone. |
| How is the Modified Mercalli scale is used to measure an earthquake's intensity? | The Modified Mercalli scale expresses intensity in Roman numerals from I (one) to XII (twelve). The bigger the value, the more damage that was caused by the earthquake. |
| Tsunami | A giant ocean wave that forms after a volcanic eruption, submarine (Underwater) earthquake or landslide. |
| Seismic Gap | An area along a fault where relatively few earthquakes have occurred recently, but where strong earthquakes are known to have occurred in the past. |
| How does an earthquake effect buildings and property? | Earthquakes can cause buildings to sway and tip over and roads can be torn apart . |
| What should people do during and after an earthquake to stay safe? | when a person lives in an earthquake prone area, they should be prepared beforehand. Keep on hand a supply of canned food, bottled water, flashlights, batteries and a portable radio. |
| How can earthquake warnings and forecasts can be developed? | Currently there is no way to accurately predict an earthquake. Instruments along fault zones can detect small changes in rock movement and an increase in stress. |
Created by:
haileyblohm
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