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18 week assessment
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Igneous Rock | rock that forms when magma cools and solidifies. |
| Porphyritic | igneous rock that has a mixture of large and small crystals (ex: granite) |
| Vericular | igneous rock that has holes produced from gas bubbles trapped during the cooling process. (ex: pumice) |
| Felsic | describes magma or igneous rock that is rich in feldspars and silica and that is generally light in color. |
| Mafic | describes magma or igneous rock that is rich in magnesium and iron and that is generally dark in color. |
| Understand how the rate of cooling influences the grain size of igneous rock | An intrusive igneous rock has cooled slowly inside the ground, and has large crystals. An extrusive igneous rock cooled quickly above ground, and has a texture with small crystals or no visible crystals. |
| Sedimentary Rock | rocks created from sediment. Determined by the source of the sediment, the way the sediment was moved, and the conditions under which it was deposited. |
| Compaction | the process in which the volume and porosity of the sediment is decreased by the weight of the overlying sediments. |
| Cementation | the process in which minerals precipitate into pore spaces between sediment grains and bind sediments together to form rock. |
| Chemical sedimentary rocks (evaporates) | sedimentary rock that forms when minerals precipitate from a solution or settle from a suspension. (ex: halite and gypsum) |
| Organic Sedimentary rocks | sedimentary rock that forms from the remains of plants or animals. (ex: coal and limestone) |
| Clastic Sedimentary rock | sedimentary rock that forms when fragments of preexisting rocks are compacted and cemented together. (ex: shale, sandstone, conglomerate, breccia) |
| Sorting | the tendency for currents of air or water to separate sediments according to size. Sediment becomes well sorted after being transported a greater distance. |
| Angularity | refers to how jagged or smooth the edges of a rock or sediment particle are.When a rock fragment first breaks off of a larger rock, it is very jagged or angular.After being transported by wind or water,the fragment becomes less angular and more rounded. |
| Understand the different features of sedimentary rocks and how they form. Part 1 | Stratification (layering): caused by a change in the depositional environment Cross beds (slanted layers): usually found where there were sand dunes or river beds. Graded bedding (a type of stratification): different sediments layer according to size. |
| Understand the different features of sedimentary rocks and how they form. Part 2 | Mud cracks: formed when muddy deposits dry out. Fossils: remains or traces of plants or animals. Concretions: a rock “lump” buried within a sedimentary rock layer. |
| Contact Metamorphism | a change in the texture, structure, or chemical composition of a rock due to contact with magma. |
| Regional Metamorphism | a change in the texture, structure, or chemical composition of a rock due to changes in temperature and pressure over a large area, generally as a result of tectonic forces. |
| Foliated | metamorphic rock texture in which mineral grains are arranged in planes or bands. |
| Non-Foliated | metamorphic rock texture in which mineral grains are not arranged in planes or bands. |
| continental drift | the hypothesis that a single large landmass broke up into smaller landmasses to form the continents, which then drifted to their present locations. |
| sea-floor spreading | the process by which new oceanic lithosphere forms when magma rises to Earth’s surface at mid-ocean ridges and solidifies, as older, existing sea-floor moves away from the ridge. |
| mid-ocean ridge | a long, undersea mountain chain that has a steep, narrow valley at its center, that forms as magma rises from the asthenosphere, and that creates new oceanic lithosphere as tectonic plates move apart. |
| Who proposed hypothesis of continental drift | Alfred Wegener |
| Evidence for continental drift | * Fossils of Mesosaurus found in S. America and Africa * Similar coastlines (loked like continents fit together.) * Fossil plants in Antarctica * Mountains matched (Appalachian Mountains in U.S. matched mountains in Northern Europe.) |
| Characteristics of mid-ocean ridges | * Sediment was thinner closer to the center of the ridge (rift) * Rocks were younger closer to the center of the ridge. |
| Lithosphere | the solid, outer layer of Earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle. |
| Asthenospere | the solid, plastic layer of the mantle beneath the lithosphere. |
| Divergent Boundary | the boundary between tectonic plates that are moving away from each other. |
| Convergent Boundary | the boundary between two plates that are colliding. |
| Transform Boundary | the boundary between tectonic plates that are sliding past each other horizontally. |
| Subduction | form at a convergent plate boundary when the more dense oceanic crust slides beneath the less dense continental crust. |
| Ring of Fire | a zone of active volcanoes that surrounds the Pacific Plate. |
| Number of major tectonic plates worldwide; name of "our" tectonic plate | 15; the North American Plate |
| Evidence of plate boundaries | Earthquakes and volcanoes |
| Examples of plate boundaries | * Divergent—Mid Atlantic Ridge; Iceland * Convergent—South American and Nazca Plates at the Chilean Trench * Transform—San Andreas Fault in the U.S., and the North Anatolian Fault in Turkey |
| Rifting | the process by which a continent breaks apart |
| Terrane | a piece of lithosphere that has a unique geologic history and that may be part of a larger piece of lithosphere, such as a continent |
| craton | large areas of stable rock at the center of continents |
| shield | rocks within a craton that have been exposed at Earth’s surface |
| Accretion | the process by which a terrane becomes a part of a continent |
| Pangaea | The supercontinent that formed 300 million years ago and that began to break up 200 million years |
| Panthalassa | The single, large ocean that covered Earth’s surface during the time that Pangaea existed. |
| The effects of continental change; example Madagascar | Continental change causes changes in climate and life. For example, Madagascar has species of plants and animals that are found nowhere else on Earth, since it broke off from Africa about 165 million years ago, and India about 88 million years ago. |
| The formation of Pangaea | Formed about 300 million years ago during the Paleozoic. The Appalachian Mountains formed during this time. |
| The Break up of Pangaea | Pangaea started to break up about 200 million years ago during the Mesozoic. It broke into two large land masses—Laurasia (North America, Europe and Asia) and Gondwanaland (South America, Africa, Australia and Antarctica). |
| Elastic Rebound | the sudden return of elastically deformed rock to its undeformed shape. |
| Focus | the location within the Earth along a fault at which the first motion of an earthquake occurs. |
| Epicenter | the point on Earth’s surface directly above an earthquake’s starting point, or focus. |
| Seismic Waves | energy released in the form of vibrations as rocks along a fault slip into new positions. |
| Fault | a region of numerous, closely spaced faults. (Ex: North Anatolian fault zone in Turkey.) |
| Understand how stress builds up along a fault and gets released | When tectonic plates push up against each other, or try to slide past each other, stress builds up along the fault. Friction keeps the plates from moving until that force is overcome and the plates spring into their new position through elastic rebound. |
| Understand how the depth of force affects an earthquake's intensity | With all other factors being equal, the deeper the focus (farther below ground), the lower the intensity, and the shallower the focus (closer to the surface), the greater the intensity. |
| Know where earthquake are most likely to happen | Earthquakes are most likely to happen along a transform plate boundary. |
| Seismograph | The machine that records vibrations (seismic waves) during an earthquake. |
| Seismogram | A tracing of earthquake motion that is recorded by a seismograph. |
| Magnitude | a measure of the strength of an earthquake. |
| Intensity | A measure of the damage caused by an earthquake |
| Understand the difference between the Richter scale and the Moment Magnitude scale for measuring an earthquake’s magnitude. | Both measure the magnitude of an earthquake. The Richter scale (used most 1900s), based on ground motion only. The Moment Magnitude scale (used now), based on the area of the fault that moved, the distance moved,rigidity of the rocks in the fault zone. |
| Understand how the Modified Mercalli scale is used to measure an earthquake’s intensity. | Modified scale uses Roman numerals from one to twelve. The bigger the value, more damage caused. |
| Tsunami | a giant ocean wave that forms after a volcanic eruption, submarine (under water) earthquake, or landslide. |
| Seismic gap | an area along a fault where relatively few earthquakes have occurred recently, but where strong earthquakes are known to have occurred in the past. |
| Understand how the earthquake can affect buildings and property. | Earthquakes can cause buildings to sway and topple over, or to collapse. Things like roads and bridges can be torn apart. Buildings constructed in earthquake-prone areas are usually built with features that make them better able to withstand the shaking. |
| Understand what people should do before, during and after an earthquake to be safe. | Keep on hand a supply of canned food, bottled water, flashlights, batteries and a portable radio. Have a safety plan in place. Learn how to shut off gas, water, and electricity in your house. During an earthquake, you should move to a safer position. |
| Understand how earthquake warning and forecasts can be developed. | Scientists study past quakes in a region to make approximate forecasts about future quakes. Currently there is no way to accurately predict an earthquake. Instruments along fault zones can detect small changes in rock movement and an increase in stress. |
Created by:
baileypierson
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