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F.E. Vocabulary
These are a collection of all the definitions that will be on the Bio final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP) | (pg. 221) energy-carrying biological molecule, which, when broken down, drives cellular activities |
| 2. Cellular respiration | (pg. 220) catabolic pathway in which organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell |
| 3. Energy | (pg. 218) ability to do work; energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed |
| 4. Metabolism | (pg. 220) all of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism |
| 5. Photosynthesis | (pg. 220) two-phase anabolic pathway in which the Sun's light energy is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell |
| 6. Thermodynamics | (pg. 218) study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe |
| 7. Calvin cycle | (pg. 226) light-independent reactions during phase three (book's phase two) of photosynthesis in which energy is stored in organic molecules as glucose |
| 8. Granum | (pg. 223) one of the stacks of pigment-containing thylakoids in a plant's chloroplast |
| 9. NADP + | (pg. 224) in photosynthesis, the major electron carrier involved in electron transport |
| 10. Pigment | (pg. 223) light-absorbing colored molecule, such as chlorophyll and carotenoid, in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts |
| 11. Rubisco | (pg. 226) enzyme that converts inorganic carbon dioxide molecules into organic molecules during the final step of the Calvin cycle |
| 12. Stroma | (pg. 223) fluid-filled internal space in bony fishes that allows them to regulate their buoyancy |
| 13. Thylakoid | (pg. 223) in choroplasts, one of the stacked flattened, pigment-containing membranes in which light-dependent reactions occur |
| 14. Aerobic | (pg. 228) aerobic metabolic process require oxygen |
| 15. Aerobic respiration | (pg. 228) metabolic process in which pyruvate is broken down and electron-carrier molecules are used to produce ATP through electron transport |
| 16. Anaerobic process | (pg. 228) metabolic process that does not require oxygen |
| 17. Fermentation | (pg. 231) process in which NAD+ is regenerated, allowing cells to maintain glycolysis in the absence of oxygen. |
| 18. Glycolysis | (pg. 229) anaerobic process; first stage of cellular respiration in which glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate |
| 19. Krebs cycle | (pg. 229) series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide inside the mitochondria of cells; also called the tri-carboxylic acid cycle and the citric acid cycle |
| 20. Cell Cycle | (pg. 246) process of cellular reproduction, occurring in three main stages--interphase (growth), mitosis (nuclear division), and cytokinesis (cytoplasm division) |
| 21. Chromatin | (pg. 247) relaxed form of DNA in the nucleus of a cell |
| 22. Chromosome | (pg. 247) DNA-containing structure that carries genetic material from one generation to another |
| 23. Cytokinesis | (pg. 246) third main stage of the cell cycl, during which the cell's cytoplasm divides creating a new cell |
| 24. Interphase | (pg. 246) first stage of the cell cycle, during which a cell grows, matures, and replicates its DNA |
| 25. Mitosis | (pg. 246) second main stage of the cell cycle during which the cell's replicated DNA divides and two genetically identical diploid daughter cells areproduced |
| 26. Anaphase | (pg. 251) third stage of mitosis in hich sister chromatids are pulled apart and microtubules, along with motor proteins, move the chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell |
| 27. Centromere | (pg. 248) cell structure that joins two sister chromatids |
| 28. Metaphase | (pg. 250) second stage of mitosis in which motor proteins pull sister chromatids to the cell's equator |
| 29. Prophase | (pg. 248) first stage of mitosis. suring whic the cell's chromatin condenses into chromosomes |
| 30. Sister chromatid | (pg. 248) structure that contains identical DNA copies and is formed during DNA replication |
| 31. Spindle apparatus | (pg. 250) structure made of spindle fibers, centrioles, and aster fibers that is involved in mobing and organizing chromosomes before the cell divides |
| 32. Telophase | (pg. 251) last stage of mitosis in which nucleoli reappear. Two new nuclear membranes begin to form, but the cell has not yet completely divided |
| 33. Crossing over | (pg. 271) exchange of chromosomal segments between a pair of homologous chromsomes during prophase I of meisois |
| 34. Diploid | (pg. 271) having two copies of each chromosome (2n) |
| 35. Fertilization | (pg. 271) process by which haploid gametes combine, forming a diploid cell with 2n chromosomes, with n chromosomes from the female parent and n chromosomes from the male parent |
| 36. Gamete | (pg. 271) a haploid sex cell, formed during meiosis that can combine with another haploid sex cell and produce a diploid fertilized egg. |
| 37. Gene | (pg. 270) functional unit that controls ingerited trait expression that is passed on from one generation to another generation |
| 38. Haploid | (pg. 271) cell with half the number of chromosomes (n) as a diploid (2n) cell |
| 39. Homologous chromosome | (pg. 270) one of two paired chromosomes, one from each parent, that carries genes for a specific trait at the same location |
| 40. Meiosis | (pg. 271) reduction division process, occurring only in reproductive cells, in which one diploid (2n) cell produces four haploid (n) cells that are not genetically identical |
| 41. Allele | (pg. 278) alternative form that a single gene may have for a particular trait |
| 42. Dominant | (pg. 278) Mendel's name for a specific trait that appeared in the FI generation |
| 43. Genetics | (pg. 277) science of heredity |
| 44. Genotype | (pg. 279) an organism's allele pairs |
| 45. Heterozygous | (pg. 279) organism with two different alleles for a specific trait |
| 46. Homozygous | (pg. 279) organism with two of the same alleles for a specific trait |
| 47. Hybrid | (pg. 279) organism heterozyous for a specific trait |
| 48. Law of independent assortment | (pg. 280) Mendelian law stating that a random distribution of alleles occurs during the formation of gametes |
| 49. Law of segregation | (pg. 279) Mendelian law stating that two alleles fr each trait separate during meiosis |
| 50. Phenotype | (pg. 279) observable characteristic that is expressed as a result of an allele pair |
| 51. Recessive | (pg. 278) Mendel's name for a specific trait hidden or masked in the F1 generation |
| 52. Genetic recombination | (pg. 283) new combination of genes produced by crossing over and independent assortment |
| 53. Polyploidy | (pg. 285) having one or more extra sets of all chromosomes, which in polyploid plants, can often result in greater size and better growth and survival |
| 54. Carrier | (pg. 296) individual heterozygous for a recessive disorder such as cystic fibrosis or Tay-Sachs disease |
| 55. Pedigree | (pg. 299) diagrammed family history that is used to study inheritance patterns of a trait through several generations and that can be used to predict disorders in future offspring |
| 56. Autosome | (pg. 305) chromosome that is not a sex chromosome |
| 57. Codominance | (pg. 302) complex inheritance pattern that occurs when neither allele is dominant and both alleles are expressed |
| 58. Epistasis | (pg. 305) interaction between alleles in which one allele hides the effects of another allele |
| 59. Incomplete dominance | (pg. 302) complex inheritance pattern in which the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between those of hte two homozygous parent organisms |
| 60. Multiple alleles | (pg. 304) having more than two alleles for a specific trait |
| 61. Polygenic trait | (pg. 309) characteristic, such as eye color or skin color, that results from the interaction of multiple gene pairs |
| 62. Sex chromosome | (pg. 305) X or Y chromosome; paired sex chromosomes determine an individual's gender--XX individuals are female and XY individuals are male |
| 63. Sex-linked trait | (pg. 307) characteristic, such as red-green color blindness, controlled by genes on the X chromosome; also called and X-linked trait |
| 64. Karyotype | (pg. 311) micrograph in which the pairs of homologous chromosomes are arranged in decreasing size |
| 65. Nondisjunction | (pg. 313) cell division in which the sister chromatids do not separate correctly, resulting in gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes |
| 66. Telomere | (pg. 311) protective cap made of DNA that is found on the ends of a chromosome |
| 67. Binomial nomenclature | (pg. 485) Linnaeus's system of naming organisms, which gives a scientific two-word Latin name to each species--the first part is the genus name and the second is the specific epithet |
| 68. Class | (pg. 488) taxonomic group that contains one or more related orders |
| 69. Classification | (pg. 484) grouping of organisms or objects based on a set f criteria that helps organize, communicate, and retain information |
| 70. Division | (pg. 488) taxonommic term used instead of phylum to group related classes of plants and bacteria |
| 71. Domain | (pg. 488) taxonomic group of one or more kingdoms |
| 72. Family | (pg. 487) taxonomic group of similar, related genera that is smaller than a genus and larger than an order |
| 73. Genus | (pg. 487) taxonomic group of closely related species with a common ancester |
| 74. Kingdom | (pg. 488) taxonomic group of related phyla or divisions |
| 75. Order | (pg. 488) taxonomic group that contains related families |
| 76. Phylum | (pg. 488) taxonomic group of related classes |
| 77. Taxon | (pg. 487) named group of organisms, such as a phylum, genus, or species |
| 78. Taxonomy | (pg. 485) branch of biology taht identifies, names, and classifies species based on their natural relationships |
| 79. Archaea | (pg. 500) the species classified in Domain and Kingdom Archaea |
| 80. Eubacteria | (pg. 499) prokaryotes with peptidoglycan-containing cell walls |
| 81. Fungus | (pg. 501) unicellularor multicellular eukarote that is stationary, absorbs nutrients from organic materials in the environment, and has cell walls that contain chitin |
| 82. Protist | (pg. 501) unicellular, multicellular, or colonial eukaryote whose cell walls may contain cellulose; can be plantlike animal-like, or funguslike |
| 83. Nonvascular plant | (pg. 606) type of plant that lacks vascular tissues, moves substances slowly from cell to cell by osmosis and diffusion, and grows only in a damp environment |
| 84. Seed | (pg. 607) adaptive reproductive structure of some vascular plants that contains an embryo, nutrients for the embryo, and is convered by a protective coat |
| 85. Stomata | (pg. 606) openings in the outer cell layer of leaf surfaces and some stems that alllow the exchange of water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and other gases between a plant and its environment |
| 86. Vascular plant | (pg. 606) typw of plant with vascular tissues adapted to land environments; most widely distrubuted type of plant on Earth |
| 87. Vascular tissue | (pg. 606) specialized tissue that transports water, food, nad other substances in vascular plants and can also provide structure and support |
| 88. Epiphyte | (pg. 614) plant that lives anchored to an object or to another plant |
| 89. Cotyledon | (pg. 617) seed structure that stores food or helps absorb food for the sporophyte of vascular seed plants |
| 90. Phloem | (pg. 638) vascular plant tissue composed of sieve tube members and companion cells that conducts dissolved sugars and other organic compounds from the leaves and stems to the roots and from the roots to the leaves and stems |
| 91. Xylem | (pg. 637) vascular plant tissue that transports water and dissolved minerals away from the roots throughout the plant and is composed of vessel elements and tracheids |
| 92. Root cap | (pg. 639) layer of parenchyma cells that covers inorganic carbon dioxide molecules into organic molecules during the final step of the Calvin cycle |
| 93. Petal | (pg. 668) colorful flower structure that attract pollinators and provides them a landing place |
| 94. Pistal | (pg. 669) flower's female reproductive structure; it is usualy commposed of a stigma, a syle, and an ovary |
| 95. Sepal | (pg. 668) flower organ that protects the bud |
| 96. Vertebrate | (pg. 693) animal with an endoskeleton and a backbone |
| 97. Invertebrate | (pg. 693) animal without a backbone; between 95 and 99 percent of animal species are invertebrates |
| 98. External fertilization | (pg. 695) type of fertilization that occurs when sperm and egg combine outside an animal's body |
| 99. Internal fertilization | (pg. 695) type of fertilizaion that occrs when sperm and egg combine inside an animal's body |
| 100. Acoelomate | (pg. 701) animal with a sold body that lacks a fluid-filled body cavity between the gut and the body wall |
| 101. Anterior | (pg. 700) head end of an animal with bilateral symmetry |
| 102. Bilateral symmetry | (pg. 700) body plan that can be divided into mirror images along only one plane through the central axis |
| 103. Coelom | (pg. 701) fluid-filled body completely surrounded by mesoderm |
| 104. Dorsal | (pg. 700) backside of an animal with bilateral symmetry |
| 105. Posterior | (pg. 700) tail end of an animal with bilateral symmetry |
| 106. Pseudocoelom | (pg. 701) fluid-filled body cabity between the mesoderm and the endoderm |
| 107. Radial symmetry | (pg. 700) body plan that can be divided along any plane, through a central axis, into roughly equal halves |
| 108. Ventral | (pg. 700) underside or belly of an animal with bilatreal symmetry |
| 109. Medusa | (pg. 712) umbrella-shaped, free-swimming body form of cnidarians |
| 110. Polyp | (pg. 712) tube-shaped,sissile body form of cnidarians |
| 111. Sessile | (pg. 706) organism permanently attached to one place |
| 112. Regeneration | (pg. 728) ability to replace or regrow body parts missing due to predation or damage |
| 113. Hydrostatic skeleton | (pg. 732) the pseudocoelom in roundworms; th fluid within a closed space that gibes rigid support for muscles to work against |
| 114. Closed circulatory system | (pg. 739) blood is confined to the vessels as it moves through the body |
| 115. Open circulatory system | (pg. 739) blood is pumped out of vessels into open spaces surrounding body organs |
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