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Internal Structure
Vocabulary of the Internal Structure of the Earth
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Lithosphere | The rigid outer part of the Earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle. |
| Asthenosphere | The upper layer of the Earth's mantle, below the lithosphere, in which there is relatively low resistance to plastic flow and convection is though to occur. |
| Magnetic Field | A region around a magnetic material or a moving electric charge within which the force of magnetism acts. |
| Hydrosphere | All he waters on the Earth's surface, such as lakes and seas, and sometimes including water over the Earth's surface, such as clouds. |
| Magnetosphere | The region surrounding the Earth or another astronomical body in which it's magnetic field is the predominant effective magnetic field. |
| Atmosphere | The envelope of gases surrounding the Earth or another planet. |
| Dynamo Effect | A geophysical theory that explains the origin of the Earth's main magnetic field in terms of a self-exciting dynamo. |
| Continental Drift Hypothesis | A term, that refers to the fact the continents are not stationary, but move across the Earth's surface. |
| Subduction Zone | A boundary that marks the collision between two of the planet's tectonic plates. |
| Lamproites | Ultrapotassic mantle-derived volcanic and subvolcanic rock. |
| Transform Plate Boundaries | A type of fault whose relative motion is predominately horizontal, in either a sinistral (left lateral) or dextral (right lateral) direction. |
| Convergent Plate Boundaries | An actively forming region where two or more tectonic plates or fragments of the lithosphere move toward one another and collide. |
| Divergent Plate Boundaries | A tectonic boundary where two plates removing away from each other and new crust is forming from magma that rises to the Earth's surface between the two plates. |
| Conduction | The process by which heat or electricity is directly transmitted through a substance when there is a difference of temperature or of electrical potential between adjoining regions, without movement of the material. |
| Convection | The movement caused within a fluid by the tendency of hotter and therefore less dense material to rise, and colder, denser material to sink under the influence of gravity, which consequently results in transfer of heat. |
| Radiation | The emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles, especially high-energy particles that cause ionization. |
| Plasma | An ionized gas consisting of positive ions and free electrons in proportions resulting in more or less no overall electric charge, typically at low precursor at very high temperatures. |
| Geomagnetic Reversal | A change in the Earth's magnetic field resulting in the magnetic North being aligned with the geographic South, and the magnetic South being aligned with the geographic North. |
| Coriolis Effect | An effect whereby a mass moving in a rotating system experiences a force acting perpendicular to the direction of motion and to the axis of rotation. |
| Ophiolite | An igneous rock consisting largely of serpentine, believed to have been formed from the submarine eruption of oceanic crustal and upper mantle. |
| Global Warning | A gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants. |
| Plate Tectonics | A theory explaining the structure of the Earth's crust and many associated phenomena as resulting from the interaction of rigid lithospheric plates that move slowly over the underlying mantle. |
| Doppler Effect | An increase (or decrease) in the frequency of sound, light, or other waves as the source and observer move toward (or away from) each other. |
| Greenhouse Effect | The trapping of the Sun's warmth in a planet's lower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation fro the Sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet's surface. |
| Mantle | The region of the interior of the Earth between the core and the crust. |
| Seismograph | An instrument that measures and records details of earthquakes, such as force and duration. |
| Seismic Waves | |
| Sea-Floor Spreading | |
| Xenolith |
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