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Internal Structure
Vocabulary for Second Semester
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Lithosphere | Consists of the upper mantle and the Earth's crust. |
| Asthenosphere | Area directly below the lithosphere which is less rigid than the rock above, but still rigid enough to transmit seismic waves. |
| Magnetic Field | Earth's magnetic field extends from its interior to space where it meets the solar wind (a stream of charged particles that emerge from the sun). |
| Hydrosphere | Area of the Earth that encompasses all water present on the planet's surface, including oceanic water, and that within the atmosphere. |
| Magnetosphere | The outer region of the Earth's Ionosphere, where the Earth's magnetic field controls the most charged particles. |
| Atmosphere | The gaseous envelope surrounding a heavenly body; the air that surrounds the Earth. |
| Dynamo Effect | A geophysical theory that explains the origin of the Earth's magnetic field in terms of a self-sustaining dynamo. |
| Continental Drift Hypothesis | Proposed by Alfred Wegener, it is a theory that proposes that at one point in history, all of the Earth's continents were joined together in one super-continent known as Pangea, but drifted apart over time. |
| Subduction Zone | This is when tectonic plates collide, and one will submerse itself underneath the other. |
| Lamproites | These are ultrapotassic, mantle-derived, volcanic and subvolcanic rocks. They're geographically widespread, yet their volume is insignificant. |
| Transform Plate Boundaries | This occurs when tectonics plates are sliding by each other in opposite directions. Many are found on the ocean's floor. |
| Divergent Plate Boundaries | When tectonic plates pull apart from one another in opposite directions, creating a rift or valley. |
| Convergent Plate Boundaries | Tectonic plate collision in which neither plate submits to the other, so they converge upwards together to form mountainous structures. |
| Conduction | Method of energy transfer in which direct contact has occurred, resulting in the transference of heat, electricity, or sound. |
| Convection | The movement within a fluid caused by the heated area rising, thus making room for the denser, cooler area to warm up, causing the fluid to circulate. |
| Radiation | The emission of energy through waves or rays. |
| Plasma | Ionized gas that consists of positive ions and free electrons (resulting in no charge), which exists at low pressures (upper atmosphere) or high temperatures (stars). |
| Geomagnetic Reversals | This occurs when the magnetic North and South switch, while the geographical locations remain the same. |
| Coriolis Effect | When a rotating mass experiences a force which is acting perpendicularly to the direction of motion and the axis of rotation. |
| Global Warming | This is the term given to the increased pollution thickening the ozone, thus trapping greenhouse gases within, causing irregularities within the environment. |
| Plate Tectonics | A theory which explains the Earth's crust and many associated phenomenons as a result of the interaction of rigid lithospheric plates moving slowly underneath the mantle. |
| Doppler Effect | An increase or decrease in the frequency of sound, light, or other waves, as the source and observer move towards or away from one another. |
| Greenhouse Effect | The trapping of the sun's warmth in the lower atmosphere of a planet due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted via the planet's surface |
| Mantle | The layer of the Earth between the outer core and crust. It makes up 84% of Earth's volume and is predominantly solid, silicate rocky shell, although in geological time it behaves as a vicious liquid. |
| Seismograph | Instrument used to detect and record earthquakes. |
| Seismic Waves | An elastic wave within the Earth that is produced by earthquakes or other means. |
| Sea-Floor Spreading | This is the formation of new areas of oceanic crust that occur through the expulsion of magma at mid-ocean regions and its resulting outward movement on the surrounding area. |
| Xenolith | A piece of rock within an igneous rock, that is not actually a part of the original magma from which that rock was created. It has been introduced from elsewhere in the environment. |
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