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Internal Structure

TermDefinition
lithosphere* The rigid/solid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.
transform plate boundaries* where plates slide past each other
Global warming a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be permanently changing the Earth's climate.
asthenosphere* The upper layer of the earth's mantle, below the lithosphere, in which there is relatively low resistance to plastic flow (acts like a thick liquid). Tectonic plates move over this layer.
divergent plate boundaries* Two plates move away from each other creating new ocean floor where they separate. Earthquakes and mid-ocean ridges form.
plate tectonics* the Earth's crust is divided into 12 major plates which are moved in various directions
magnetic field a region around a magnetic material or a moving electric charge within which the force of magnetism acts.
convergent plate boundaries* Two plates move toward each other and create mountains and earthquakes (no volcanoes), Heavier ocean plate moves under the lighter continental plate. This subduction leads to volcanoes and Earthquakes.
Doppler Effect The Doppler effect (or the Doppler shift) is the change in frequency or wavelength of a wave (or other periodic event) for an observer moving relative to its source.
Hydrosphere* all the waters on the earth's surface, such as lakes and seas, and sometimes including water over the earth's surface, such as clouds.
conduction* the process by which heat or electricity is directly transmitted through a substance when there is a difference of temperature or of electrical potential between adjoining regions, without movement of the material.
Greenhouse Effect the trapping of the sun's warmth in a planet's lower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet's surface.
Magnetosphere* the region surrounding the earth or another astronomical body in which its magnetic field is the predominant effective magnetic field.
convection* the movement of heated materials upward and the movement of cooled materials downward. Driving force for tectonic plate movement.
Mantle* -less dense than the core -mostly solid -upper mantle is partially molten -iron and magnesium silicates
Atmosphere* the envelope of gases surrounding the earth or another planet.
radiation* gravitational radiation, radiation that takes the form of gravitational waves, or ripples in the curvature of spacetime.
seismograph measures the intensity of earthquakes
dynamo effect The dynamo effect is a geophysical theory that explains the origin of the Earth's main magnetic field in terms of a self-exciting (or self-sustaining) dynamo.
plasma an ionized gas consisting of positive ions and free electrons in proportions resulting in more or less no overall electric charge, typically at low pressures (as in the upper atmosphere and in fluorescent lamps) or at very high temperatures
seismic waves* -when earthquakes occur, waves of energy and seismic waves travel outward from the earthquake focus -2 types of waves are produced at the same time but each behaves differently within the earth
continental drift hypothesis -researches noted geographic fit of continents --atlantic formed by separation of africa from s. america -Seuss, 1885, proposed super continent by studying fossils, rocks, mountains -Wegener and Taylor, proposed continental drift and Pangaea
Geomagnetic reversals A geomagnetic reversal is a change in a planet's magnetic field such that the positions of magnetic north and magnetic south are interchanged, while geographic north and geographic south remain the same.
sea-floor spreading -theory combining continental drift and seafloor spreading termed "plate tectonics" -new seafloor created at the mid-ocean ridge and destroyed in deep ocean trenches
subduction zone* A subduction zone is a region of the Earth's crust where tectonic plates meet.
Coriolis effect an effect whereby a mass moving in a rotating system experiences a force (the Coriolis force ) acting perpendicular to the direction of motion and to the axis of rotation.
xenolith a piece of rock within an igneous rock that is not derived from the original magma but has been introduced from elsewhere, especially the surrounding country rock.
lamproites Lamproites are ultrapotassic mantle-derived volcanic and subvolcanic rocks.
ophiolite an igneous rock consisting largely of serpentine, believed to have been formed from the submarine eruption of oceanic crustal and upper mantle material.
Created by: 1357157237637608
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