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Earth and Space
Science
| questions | answers |
|---|---|
| Lithosphere | Rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle. |
| Asthenosphere | upper layer of the earth's mantle, below the lithosphere, in which there is relatively low resistance to plastic flow and convection is thought to occur. |
| Hydrosphere | All of the Earth's water, including surface water |
| magnetosphere | the region surrounding a planet, such as the earth, in which the behaviour of charged particles is controlled by the planet's magnetic field |
| Atmosphere | the envelope of gases surrounding the earth or another planet. |
| continental drift hypothesis | is the movement of the Earth's continents relative to each other. |
| subduction zone | A subduction zone is the biggest crash scene on Earth. |
| transform plate boundaries | of fault whose relative motion is predominantly horizontal, in either a sinistral (left lateral) or dextral (right lateral) direction. |
| divergent plate boundaries | A tectonic boundary where two plates are moving away from each other and new crust is forming from magma that rises to the Earth's surface between the two plates. |
| convergent plaats boundries | tectonic plates or fragments of the lithosphere move toward one another and collide. |
| conduction | the process by which heat or electricity is directly transmitted through a substance when there is a difference of temperature or of electrical potential between adjoining regions, without movement of the material. |
| convection | the movement caused within a fluid by the tendency of hotter and therefore less dense material to rise, and colder, denser material to sink under the influence of gravity, which consequently results in transfer of heat. |
| radiation | the emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles, especially high-energy particles that cause ionization. |
| plate tectonics | a theory explaining the structure of the earth's crust and many associated phenomena as resulting from the interaction of rigid lithospheric plates that move slowly over the underlying mantle. |
| mantle | is the part of the earth between the core and the the crust is the MANTLE. |
| seismograph | an instrument that measures and records details of earthquakes, such as force and duration. |
| seismic waves | an elastic wave in the earth produced by an earthquake or other means. |
| sea floor spreading | the formation of new areas of oceanic crust, which occurs through the upwelling of magma at midocean ridges and its subsequent outward movement on either side. |
| xenolith | A rock fragment foreign to the igneous mass in which it occurs. Xenoliths usually become incorporated into a cooling magma body when pieces of the rock into which the magma was injected break off and fall into it. |
| plasma | a plasma is an ionized gas, a gas into which sufficient energy is provided to free electrons from atoms or molecules and to allow both species, ions and electrons, to coexist. |
| geomagnetic reversals | A change in the Earth's magnetic field resulting in the magnetic north being aligned with the geographic south, and the magnetic south being aligned with the geographic north. Also called geomagnetic reversal. |
| coriolis effect | an effect whereby a mass moving in a rotating system experiences a force (the Coriolis force ) acting perpendicular to the direction of motion and to the axis of rotation. |
| ophiolite | a section of the Earth's oceanic crust and the underlying upper mantle that has been uplifted and exposed above sea level and often emplaced onto continental crustal rocks. |
| lamproites | small volume ultrapotassic igneous rocks |
| dynamo effect | s a geophysical theory that explains the origin of the Earth's main magnetic field in terms of a self-exciting |
| magnetic field | a region around a magnetic material or a moving electric charge within which the force of magnetism acts. |
| greenhouse effect | The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without its atmosphere. |
| global warming | is the term used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be permanently changing the Earth's climate. |
| Doppler effect | an increase (or decrease) in the frequency of sound, light, or other waves as the source and observer move toward (or away from) each other. T |
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