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Animal Nutrition
Final Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Gestation length for one sow parity | about 114 days |
| Lactation length for one sow parity | about 12 to 28 days |
| When does sow return to heat? | about 4 to 7 days |
| When are sows weaned? | day 135 |
| When is a sow re-bred? | Day 140 |
| When does a sow farrow? | day 114 |
| What is the traditional method of housing pregnant sows on commercial swine farms? | Farrowing stalls |
| When are market hogs weaned? | day 21 |
| How long are market hogs nursed? | about 21 days |
| When do market hogs go to the finisher? | day 63 |
| When are market hogs put out on the market? | day 163 |
| How long does finishing take for market hogs? | about 100 days |
| How long are market hogs in the nursery? | about 100 days |
| What is the swine life cycle nutrition? | nursery pig --> starter pig --> grower pig --> finisher pig --> developing gilt --> mature breeder --> lactating sow and nursing piglets |
| What is a current big issue in the swine industry? | feed prices |
| What are common energy feedstuffs used in swine diets? | energy --> corn grain(most common) barley, wheat, rye, oats, by-product feeds, and roots/tubers |
| What are common protein feedstuffs used in swine diets? | animal products(meat meal, meat and bone meal, blood meal, fish meal, whey) and plant products(soybean meal[most common], roasted soybeans, and peanuts |
| What are special concerns for swine diet formulations? | Essential amino acids: phenylalanine+tyrosine, argninine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine+cystine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine |
| What are requirements for breeding swine? | sows are farrowed twice yearly, sow needs to receive maintenance energy in addition to nutrients needed for fetal pig development, and feed intake is restricted(body condition is monitored) |
| When breeding swine, how long is a sow's length of lactation? | 1 to 3 weeks |
| Is nutrient demand high or low for sows that are lactating? | high |
| For lactating sows, should feed intake be high or low | Feed intake can be low since body stores can be depleted(fat and muscle) |
| What are nutrition requirements for pre-weaning? | milk is given 1-2 weeks, creep feed is given which is high energy(fats and carbs), high protein(balance for AA), high in milk products(very digestible), minerals and vitamins |
| What are nutrition requirements for segregated and early weaning and nursery pigs? | milk-based replacers and dry feeds, creep-like(pre-starter) feeds(high nutrient density[fats, proteins, minerals, and vitamins]) |
| How much do segregated early weaning and nursery pigs weigh? | 7-12 lbs live weight |
| Why is early weaning advantageous? | improves sow rebreeding and improves total feed effciency |
| How much do starter pigs weigh? | 12-40 lbs |
| What is the stage(phase) feeding? | pre-starter is 7-12 lb; nursery and starter is 12-40 lbs |
| How much do pigs weigh during growing period? | 40-110 lbs |
| What is the typical diet for grower pigs? | corn-soy diet |
| What is the most limiting amino acid when feeding grower pigs? | lysine; make sure to balance for lysine |
| How much do finisher pigs weigh? | 110-270 lbs |
| What is the diet for finisher pigs? | corn-soy diet |
| What is the most limiting amino acid when feeding finisher pigs? | lysine |
| What does Paylean(ractopamine) do in regard to finisher pigs? | repartitioning agent(converts fat to leanness), increases ADG, and increases lysine requirements |
| What is approximate sheep population in the U.S? | about 5.3 million |
| What is approximate goat population in the U.S? | about 2.8 million |
| What is the trend in sheep numbers in VA? | sheep numbers are increasing in VA |
| What is the trend in sheep numbers in U.S? | sheep numbers are declining in U.S. |
| What is the trend for goat numbers in the U.S? | Goat numbers increasing in U.S. over past decade |
| What is wool? | animal fiber made of 19 different amino acids combined into a keratin-like protein linked in polypeptide chains |
| What should you consider when creating grazing programs for sheep? | behavioral and physiological considerations, susceptible to parasites, build fencing around sheep in pasture to keep track of sheep and to keep predators out of pasture |
| What type of diet do horses typically have? | Forage based diet(90%) |
| What type of diet do cattle typically have? | forage based (70%) |
| What type of diet do sheep typically have? | forage based (60%) |
| What type of diet do goats typically have? | browse(60%) (browse is made of leaves, twigs, cacti, and shrubs) |
| What are advantages to companion grazing with sheep? | reduces parasitic infestation, each will eat around the others' droppings, and it assures more uniform use of pasture |
| Which sheep in the maturity cycle should get the best pasture? | weaned lambs should get the best pasture; mom ewes can tolerate lower quality forage |
| What should lambs be weaned when in drought or overstocked conditions? | Wean lambs early and put them in a drylot |
| What are the 2 productive functions are most important for all food animal production systems? | reproduction and growth |
| What are the components of reproduction in sheep? | In estrus or not(postpartum anestrous, seasonality of estrous activity) and Ovulation rate(determines potential number of lambs born) |
| What are the practical aspects of energy in ewes? | energy(most important component in sheep diets; body weight changes with physiological state) and BCS(evaluated by palpating loin/spine) |
| What are requirements in ewe feeding programs for maintenance/early gestation? | average quality pasture or hay, no grain supplementation, always mineral supplementation; goal is to maintain, if not gain, body condition for upcoming pregnancy or lactation |
| During what time in the sheep's life cycle has the highest nutrient requirements? | early lactation is the time of highest nutrient requirements in the entire production cycle; nursing twins takes lots of feed |
| What happens to ewes when they are producing milk for nursing twins? | they lose weight since they cannot eat enough feed to support this level of production |
| Late gestation requirements increase with greater lambing rate. T/F? | True |
| Urinary calculi | imbalance of Ca:P ratio; add limestone to diet |
| Polioencephalomalcia | created by thiamine deficiency; IV and IM injections of thiamine hydrochloride |
| Enterotoxemia(over-eating disease) | overgrowth of Clostridium perfringens Types C and D in lower GIT; vaccinate |
| Pregnancy Disease(Ketosis) | energy deficiency |
| Selenium Deficiency | mineral supplements should contain up to 90 ppm Se, which is max allowed by FDA |
| White Muscle Disease | Se/Vitamin E deficiency |
| Copper Toxicity | Cu accumulates in liver --> kills liver cells |
| What are special illness considerations with sheep? | Selenium Deficiency, White Muscle Disease, Copper Toxicity |
| Horses are non-ruminant herbivores. T/F? | True |
| What kind of diet is important for all classes of horses? | forage based diet |
| What is a horse's digestive system designed to do? | utilize fiber from forage via microbial fermentation in hindgut |
| How much feed do horses need to intake on a daily basis? | need 2% to 3% of their body weight in feed each day; 22 to 33 lb/day |
| How much of a horse's diet should be forage? | at least 1.5% of diet should be forage; 16.5 lb/day |
| Are horses able to be maintained on forage alone? | Most horses can but it also depends on forage analysis; trace mineral block is not enough |
| How should horses be fed? | free choice access to forage is best; they eat small, frequent meals(graze approx 14-16 hr per day) |
| How should you design a horse feeding program? | Determine bodyweight; determine BCS and CNS(Cresty Neck Score), determine energy and nutrient requirements using NRC; determine forage type and nutrient content, and determine concentrate type, nutrient content & feeding reqs |
| How do you determine body weight(BW) of horse? | if scales not present, then calculate/estimate using tape; measure length from point of shoulder to point of buttocks; measure girth length circumference(squared) |
| What are the levels of BCS for horses? | <4 (underweight), 4</=BCS<7(moderate); 7</=BCS<8(overweight); BCS>/=8(obese) |
| What is Cresty Neck Scoring(CNS)? | score of amount of fat deposited along ridge of neck; scale of 0 to 5(0 is lean while 5 is very fat); does not consider fatness of rest of body |
| What does cresty neck and fat patches lead to? | insulin resistance which then leads to laminitis |
| What do you do to determine energy and nutrient requirements? | first, meet maintenance energy and nutrient requirements, avoid undesirable effects, and deficiencies and toxicities; second, meet additional requirements depending on class of horse |
| What are the 6 classes of nutrients? | carbohydrates(fuel for work); protein(build cells and tissue); fat/lipids(fuel for work, synthesis of compounds); vitamins(growth and maintenance); minerals(maintain body functions); water(needed for all body functions) |
| What are the 2 main divisions of carbohydrates? | Nonstructural carbs(NSC) and structural carbs |
| What components make up NSC? | sucrose, fructose, starch, glucose, and fructan |
| What part of horse's GIT are NSCs broken down? | small intestine(they are hydrolyzed to glucose); rapidly fermented in hindgut |
| What part of horse's GIT are structural carbs broken down? | hindgut(slowly fermented, VFAs produced) |
| What components make up structural carbs? | hemicellulose and cellulose |
| What are sources of NSC? | starch(cereal grains, legumes); sugar and fructan(cool season grasses) |
| What are disorders and diseases associated with high NSC diets? | obesity, laminitis, insulin resistance(IR), equine metabolic syndrome(EMS), PPID(if IR), PPSM/EPSM, RER, DOD/OCD, and colic |
| How much more energy dense is fat than carbohydrates or protein? | 2.25 times |
| Fat is not highly digestible and cannot be absorbed in small intestine. T/F? | False |
| What are some sources of fat? | vegetable oils, rice bran, and marine sources |
| Vitamins are essential to normal metabolism. T/F? | True |
| What are different types of deficiency diseases that horses can get? | fat soluble vitamin and water soluble deficiencies |
| What fat soluble vitamin deficiencies can occur? | vitamins A(vision), D(Ca homeostasis), E(antioxidant), and K(vascular fxn, blood clotting, bone metabolism) |
| What water soluble vitamin deficiencies can occur? | vitamins C(antioxidant), B complex(thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, biotin, folate, B12, B6, pantothenic acid) |
| What is the main category of energy that horses take from? | digestible energy(DE) |
| What are the primary energy sources that horses use? | carbohydrates and fats |
| What are the different NRC classifications of horses? | maintenance, exercise/work, reproduction, lactation, and growth |
| What are the different classifications of horses at maintenance level? | minimum("easy keeper"), average, and elevated("hard keeper") |
| What are the different classifications of horse exercise levels? | light(1 to 3 hr/week); moderate(3-5 hr/week); heavy(4-5 hr, add 15% gallop), very heavy(1 hr speed work, 6-12 hr mod. work) |
| What is the classification of stallions? | breeding and non-breeding |
| what is the classification of pregnant mares? | <5 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months |
| What is classification of lactating mares? | Month after foaling: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th |
| What is classification of young, growing horses? | 4 months, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months(none, light, moderate exercise), 24 exercises(none to very heavy) |
| How do you determine forage type and quality? | visual assessment and chemical analysis of pasture and hay |
| Many horses owners select grain or concentrate before considering hay quality. T/F? | False |
| How to collect horse pasture samples? | clip forage at grazing height(part horse consumer, usually top 4 to 6 inches); take samples form 12-20 random sites; place sample in labeled plastic bag; freeze sample overnight; final sample wgt: 500g |
| How do you collect hay samples? | take core hay sample(it is best/most accurate sample); sample 20% of hay bales; final sample wgt: 500g |
| There is no variation of nutrients between hay bales. T/F? | False |
| How do you select concentrate feeds? | You select feeds based on palatability and physical properties; ingredients and their nutrient content; forage quality/availability |
| What is the purpose of feed? | energy(calories), vitamins, minerals, and protein |
| What are the different types of feed concentrates? | commercial grain/forage based concentrates(these are best for equine since they are formulated and balanced); whole grains(not balanced); supplements(prior to use, complete diet should be evaluated) |
| What are good rules of thumb when feeding concentrates to horses? | feed at least 2 times/day; feed no more than 5 lbs/feeding; feed at regular intervals; make gradual changes; feed by wgt not by volume; generally feed 2 hr before & after exercise |
| How do you increase fiber in the horse's diet? | use high fiber forage replacements |
| What are some high fiber forage replacements? | beet pulp, alfalfa pellets/cubes, bagged forage products, soyhull pellets |
| What are some common nutritional related health concerns for horses? | colic, gastric ulcers, obesity/laminitis/IR/EMS |
| How do you prevent colic in horses? | feed adequate quantity and quality forage, have good feeding management practices, and ensure water intake |
| How do you prevent gastric ulcers in horses? | do not restrict forage intake; avoid high starch meals, feed alfalfa hay, use Ulcergard/Gastrogard |
| How do you prevent obesity/laminitis/IR/ EMS in horses? | avoid feeding high sugar forages & high starch feeds, exercise, energy(calorie) reduction |
Created by:
David55900
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