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bio fina1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Secondary sex characteristics | body size, muscle mass, patterns of fat distribution |
| Autosome | 22 pairs of chromosomes |
| Fertilization | when sperm with an X or Y chrome. Fuses with an egg-->Produces a zygote |
| X bearing sperm | results in an XX zygote;FEMALE |
| Y bearing sperm | results in an XY zygote; MALE |
| Invitro fertilization | when ovaries are placed in a dish with sperm til eggs are fertilized |
| Blastocyte | when the embryo enters a new stage of development, it is now a large hollow ball of cells |
| Inner cell mass | an internal cavity and an outer layer of cells which form membranes that are surrounding the embryo |
| Implantation | cells lining the uterus enlarge, prepare for embryo attatchment |
| Human Chorionic gonadotropin | a hormone made by Chorion which prevents the lining of the uterus from breaking down and expelling the embryo |
| Testosterone | controls the development of the external and internal male reproductive organs |
| Complete Androgen insestivity | raised a girl (xx) but the chromosomes were a boy [xy] |
| Androgen receptor gene | mutation in a gene on the x chromosome, lack molecular sensors |
| Barr Body | In females, one x chromosome in all cells becomes tightly coiled and inactive early in development |
| Do chromosomes help determine sex? | - Cells of humans carry a set of 46 chromosomes; females hae two x chromosomes, males have x and y chromosomes -Anyone who |
| What procedures are used to select the sex of the body? | -Only 2 reliable procedures for sex selection exist 1. Sperm Sorting 2.Preimplantation genetic diagnosis |
| Sperm Sorting | sperm with x-chromosome have 2% more DNA -sperm are isolated using a centrifugre, then treated with a nontoxic fluorescent dye that binds to the DNA in chromosomes. Sperm are then sorted using a laser beam and as sperm flow past later the dye glows. Spe |
| Sperm sorting ctd. | sperm with x chromosome glow brighter |
| Preimplantation genetic diagnosis | A woman recieves hormone treatments to stimulate her ovaries to produce many eggs at one time..eggs are then surgically removed from ovary. |
| How does a baby develop from fertilization to birth? | once in the egg sperm's nucleus fuses with the egg's nucleus to form a zygote with 46 chromosomes |
| Rapid growth takes place in the third trimester | yup! |
| Pregnancy | internal sex organs begin developing in the 7th week of pregnancy...most important developmental events occurs in the first trimester |
| How are sperm and eggs made? | -Testes of males produce sperm and male sex h ormones called ANDROGENS -Ovaries of females produce eggs and female sex hormones are called estrogen -meiosis: sperm and egg cells are produced |
| What organs make up the male reproductive system? | Testes form in the abdominal cavity during male embronic development before birth..males have a duct sperm transporter, and three sets of glands |
| Telmoeres | specialized regions, they keep chromosomes from sticking to each other and may play a role in aging |
| Meisos | cell division, during all meiosis chromosomes pairs split to produce a haploid cells [23]. cells divide |
| Nondisjunction | (small percentage) fail to seperate properly during one of the two divisions |
| aneuploidy | variation in chromosome number that are involved in one or more -cause for misscarriage |
| Amniocentesis | to analyze the fetus's chromosomes and detect any abnormalaities. |
| Biotechnology | coupling of genetic technology to biological systems to create products and services (i.e. human proteins) |
| Recombiant DNA Technology | transfer of gene for HGH from a human cell to bacterial, and creates a transgenic organism |
| Restriction enzymes | like scissors, cuts the DNA into fragments at specific sites |
| plasmid | circular DNA molecule |
| Transgenic crop | done through biotech, creates new characteristics |
| Phenotype | what we can observe |
| Genotype | genetic makeup of an organism |
| Law of segregation | only one copy of each gene is present in the sperm or egg and is contributed to the offspring |
| law of independent assortment | members of a gene pair segregate into gametes independantly of other gene pairs so that gamates can have diff combinations of parental genes |
| Proband | the person who is the focus of a pedigree |
| Autosomal recessive | only in homozygous state |
| autosomal dominant | in heterozygous and homozygous state |
| Cystic fibrosis | affects the glands that produce mucus and digestive enzymes |
| Sickle cell anemia | people with ancestors from parts of West Africa, an inherited as a recessive disorder that causes production of abnormal hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood celsl. hemoglobin transfers oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body. |
| Neurofibromatosis | common autosomal dominant trait..this mutant gene produces different types of phenotypes, some which are spots on pigment , cancerous tumors, blindness. |
| Nondisjunction | (small percentage) fail to seperate properly during one of the two divisions |
| aneuploidy | variation in chromosome number that are involved in one or more -cause for misscarriage |
| Amniocentesis | to analyze the fetus's chromosomes and detect any abnormalaities. |
| Biotechnology | coupling of genetic technology to biological systems to create products and services (i.e. human proteins) |
| Recombiant DNA Technology | transfer of gene for HGH from a human cell to bacterial, and creates a transgenic organism |
| Restriction enzymes | like scissors, cuts the DNA into fragments at specific sites |
| plasmid | circular DNA molecule |
| Transgenic crop | done through biotech, creates new characteristics |
| Phenotype | what we can observe |
| Genotype | genetic makeup of an organism |
| Law of segregation | only one copy of each gene is present in the sperm or egg and is contributed to the offspring |
| law of independent assortment | members of a gene pair segregate into gametes independantly of other gene pairs so that gamates can have diff combinations of parental genes |
| Proband | the person who is the focus of a pedigree |
| Autosomal recessive | only in homozygous state |
| autosomal dominant | in heterozygous and homozygous state |
| Cystic fibrosis | affects the glands that produce mucus and digestive enzymes |
| Sickle cell anemia | people with ancestors from parts of West Africa, an inherited as a recessive disorder that causes production of abnormal hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood celsl. hemoglobin transfers oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body. |
| Neurofibromatosis | common autosomal dominant trait..this mutant gene produces different types of phenotypes, some which are spots on pigment , cancerous tumors, blindness. |
| Adult on-set disorders | Huntington disease |
| huntington disease | symptoms appear when adults are 30-50 years old, children have 50/50 chance of getting it from their parents, |
| Hemizygous | males cannot be homo and hetero |
| Protein | genes contain the information to make this |
| Amino acids | proteins are composed of this, there are 20 diff types of A.A. in proteins |
| Essential amino acids | balanced diet |
| Codon | sequence of three nucleotides, carries the information that specifies ONLY one amino acid |
| mRNA | carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm |
| Transcription | information encoded in the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into the bases of messanger mRNA |
| RNA polymerase | binds to a specific nucleotide sequence at the begininng of a gene. |
| Transfer RNA | recognize and bind to one specific amino acid and they recognize the mRNA cofon for that amino acid. |
| start/stop codon | encoding an amino acid to start/stop |
| gene regulation | turning on/off of genes |
| enhancers | an increase in protein production |
| hemoglobin | oxygen carrying protein in the blood |
| point mutation | a single nucleotide change in DNA |
| genetic testing | determines whether someone has a certain type of genotype |
| genetic screening | done on large populations |
| Prenatal diagnosis | to determine what genes a fetus carries, such as testing for sickle cell anermia |
| Carrier testing | tests members of a family with a history of genetic disorder such as cystic fibrosis to determine the chances of having an affected child |
| Presymptomatic testing | identify individuals who will develop disorders midlife |
| Amniocentesis | sample cells from the fetus |
| short tandem repeats | shorter sequences, 2-9 base pairs long |
| single nucleotide polymorphisms | "snips", consist of only one base pair..SPECIFIC to an individual |
Created by:
pplax22
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