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ECU Genetics Intro
Final, Mendilian Genetics, Meosis, Mitosis, Recombinant DNA
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Interphase: | chromosomes are extended and uncoiled |
| Prophase: | chromosomes coil up and condense; centrioles divide and move apart |
| Prometaphase: | chromosomes are clearly double structures; centrioles reach the opposite poles; spindle fibers form |
| Metaphase: | centromeres align on metaphase plate |
| Anaphase: | centromeres split and daughter chromosomes migrate to opposite poles |
| Telophase: | daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles; cytokenesis commences |
| Postulate 1 | Unit Factors exist in pairs |
| Postulate 2 | Dominance |
| Postulate 3 | Random Segregation |
| Codominance: | joint expression; black and white parents make gray child |
| Partial Dominance: | pink flowers |
| Epistasis: | a variant at one locus prevents another locus from manifesting it's effect |
| Where is the bombay effect seen? | ABO blood |
| What type of cross over occurs most frequently? | Noncrossover |
| What type of cross over occurs less frequently than the rest? | Double cross over |
| Linked genes are | inherited together |
| Recombination occurs between | two non-sister chromatids of a tetrad during the prophase of meiosis I. |
| Autosomal Recessive | usually skip a generation and also appear equally in sexes |
| Autosomal dominant | almost always appear in each generation, affected individuals all have affected parent, and dominant autosomal traits appear equally in both sexes |
| hemizygosity | males have one y and one x and only have one set of alleles for what you are looking at; usually a shift in phenotypes |
| Rules for 3 Point Mapping | Myst be heterozygous at all loci, must be able to observe gentypes, and must have sufficient progeny |
| Mitotic prophase have | tetraploids |
| Fathers who carry a dominant X will | pass trait to all daughters |
| If female expresses X linked recessive trait, | father also expresses trait |
| Mothers who are homozygous will | always pass these traits to all their sons. |
| Mitochandrial DNA | not chromosomal, related to inheritance of an organelle, only inherited maternally |
| Edmund Wilson and Nettie Stevens | discovered different gamete types (XO, XY) |
| Euploidy: | exact multiples of the haploid set of chromosomes |
| deletions: | loss of DNA sequences |
| Duplications: | Repitition of DNA sequences, usually on the same chromosomes |
| Inversions: | reversal of dna sequences usually on the same chromosome |
| translocations: | movement of sequences from one chromosome to another |
| reciprocal translocations: | sequences from two differenct chromosomes exchange with one another |
| nonreciprocal translocations: | movement only occurs from one chromosome to another |
| Miescher Family | discovered DNA |
| Griffith | tried to find a vaccine for bacterial pneumonia, found transferable material; pnemonia smooth and rough |
| Oswald Avery | interested in Griffiths work; cultivated cells in liquid broth then heat kill... extracted carbs, lipids, and proteins |
| Irvin Chargaff | discovered the four nitrogenous base |
| Al Hershey and Martha Chase | bacteriophage life cycle |
| James Watson and Francis Crick | sugggested the structure of DNA |
| Rosalind Franklin | X-Ray defraction pictures |
| Genome | total genetic information of an organism |
| transcription: | copying one strand of DNA into RNA. |
| Translation | process of copying mRNA into protein |
| What is the transcription start site called? | the 1+ nucleotide |
| silent mutations | don't really do anything |
| Mutation | any change in the DNA; not necessarily detremental |
| Transcript...think... | RNA |
| Nucleotide substitutions | arise because of of triplet code degeneracy |
| missense mutations: | nonsynonymous substitutions |
| nonsense mutations | qchange from an amino acid coding triplet to a translation termination triplet |
| Inversions can lead to | silent, missense of nonsense triplets |
| Inversions can lead to )))))) if they are large | a block of amino acids |
| If inversions are out of frame, they can | lead to polar effects |
| Transpositions can act like | insertions or deletions |
Created by:
kbm0401
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