click below
click below
Normal Size Small Size show me how
chap. 9 & 10
Term | Definition |
---|---|
geyser | jet like emissions of steam and hot water from constricted vents |
hotspring | pool of heated water |
what makes a geyser? | heat source water plumbing system |
earthquake | trembling of earth caused by energy released when slip occurs on fault plane |
sintercone | little cone around top of geyser made from reprecipitated silica, (builds up slower than travertine) |
Mammoth Hot Springs Terrace | formed by rock fractures, heat and water |
triangulation method | calculates the lag time between primary and secondary waves to find the distance from the quake |
seismic waves | waves of energy that travel through earth's layers, are a result of earthquakes volvanoes or explosions |
ring of fire | area in the basin of the pacific ocean where a lot of earthquakes and volcano eruptions occur |
seismology | study of earthquakes |
where are earthquakes most common? | plate boundaries and within the plates |
at a subduction boundary there are.. | volcanoes and earthquakes which create tsunamis |
focus | actual location of slippage, shallow more damage |
epicenter | location at the earth's surface |
the richter scale | logarithmic scale of 0-10 used to determine magnitude of earthquake |
differential erosion | different rocks erode at different rates |
uplands | resistant rocks form ridges |
lowlands | non-resistant rocks form valleys |
strike | orientation of the rock plane with respect to compass direction |
dip | angle between rock plane and horizontal plane |
strike= | compass direction |
dip= | angle |
drainage networks | patterns in river system |
dendritic | flat, uniform surfaces, rivers free to meander |
trellis | ridge and valley topography, rivers controlled by bedrock |
radial | rivers flow down a mountain in all directions |
caprock | more resistant rocks that hold softer rocks in place |
plateau | large flat surface capped by resistant rock w/@ least one steep side |
mesa | flat surface bounded on all sides by steep cliffs, capped |
butte | smaller but also flat surface bounded on all sides by steep cliffs |
how to tell whether butte or mesa | if width is greater than height it's a mesa if height is greater than width its a butte |
cuesta lowland topography | broad, gently sloping, more resistant uplands |
sedimentary dome | uplift of igneous rock where erosion removes sedimentary rock and creates sharp crest |
hogback | sharp crested fins of resistant rock |
ridge and valley topography | created by fold belts often with uniform patterns trellis drainage |
metamorphic belts | high variable folded landforms not uniform like ridge and valley weaker metamorphic racks form valleys |
monadnocks | isolated projections of igneous rock surrounded by an eroded plain |
neck | inside of old volcano |
dike | when lava fills vertically in cracks |
chemical weathering | rocks change to softer more soluable forms |
physical weathering | rocks are fractured and broken |
frost action | -water seeps into joints and fractures freezes and expands -joint block seperation crack gets bigger each time freezes - granular disintegration, smaller scale joint block |
talus cone | collection of scree at base of mountain |
salt weathering | evaporation results in precipitation of salt crystals grain by brain disintegration of rocks creates rock shelters |
unloading | granite batholiths are under pressure beneath surface and when exposed they unload their pressure which results in weathering by peeling of rock layers |
exfoliation dome | created by unloading of the rock with it sheeting off by layer |
oxidation | rust- transforming existing minerals into oxides |
hydrolysis | transformation of existing minerals by contact with water |
carbonation | water becomes carbonic acid and dissolves materials |
mass wasting | downhill movement of soil, regolith, or rock under influence of gravity |
regolith | partially weathered bed rock |
residual regolith | forms in place |
transported regolith | alluvium and colluvium |
alluvium | moved by water |
colluvium | moved by gravity |
soil creep | extremely slow downhill movement of soil |
earthflow slump | relatively slow downhill movement of saturated sediments |
mudflow | rapid downhill movement of water saturated debris |
lahars | volcanic mudflow |
debris flood | rapid downhill movement of water saturated debris with more water than mudflow |
landslide | rapid sliding of large masses of earth material |
what causes landslides? | earthquakes, heavy rains, over steepening, volcanic eruptions, unstable structures |
triggers for mass wasting | undercuting slopes by building highways, piling up debris, deforestation |