chap. 9 & 10
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| geyser | jet like emissions of steam and hot water from constricted vents
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| hotspring | pool of heated water
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| what makes a geyser? | heat source
water
plumbing system
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| earthquake | trembling of earth caused by energy released when slip occurs on fault plane
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| sintercone | little cone around top of geyser made from reprecipitated silica, (builds up slower than travertine)
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| Mammoth Hot Springs Terrace | formed by rock fractures, heat and water
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| triangulation method | calculates the lag time between primary and secondary waves to find the distance from the quake
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| seismic waves | waves of energy that travel through earth's layers, are a result of earthquakes volvanoes or explosions
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| ring of fire | area in the basin of the pacific ocean where a lot of earthquakes and volcano eruptions occur
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| seismology | study of earthquakes
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| where are earthquakes most common? | plate boundaries and within the plates
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| at a subduction boundary there are.. | volcanoes and earthquakes which create tsunamis
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| focus | actual location of slippage, shallow more damage
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| epicenter | location at the earth's surface
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| the richter scale | logarithmic scale of 0-10 used to determine magnitude of earthquake
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| differential erosion | different rocks erode at different rates
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| uplands | resistant rocks form ridges
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| lowlands | non-resistant rocks form valleys
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| strike | orientation of the rock plane with respect to compass direction
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| dip | angle between rock plane and horizontal plane
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| strike= | compass direction
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| dip= | angle
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| drainage networks | patterns in river system
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| dendritic | flat, uniform surfaces, rivers free to meander
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| trellis | ridge and valley topography, rivers controlled by bedrock
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| radial | rivers flow down a mountain in all directions
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| caprock | more resistant rocks that hold softer rocks in place
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| plateau | large flat surface capped by resistant rock w/@ least one steep side
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| mesa | flat surface bounded on all sides by steep cliffs, capped
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| butte | smaller but also flat surface bounded on all sides by steep cliffs
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| how to tell whether butte or mesa | if width is greater than height it's a mesa if height is greater than width its a butte
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| cuesta lowland topography | broad, gently sloping, more resistant uplands
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| sedimentary dome | uplift of igneous rock where erosion removes sedimentary rock and creates sharp crest
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| hogback | sharp crested fins of resistant rock
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| ridge and valley topography | created by fold belts often with uniform patterns
trellis drainage
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| metamorphic belts | high variable folded landforms not uniform like ridge and valley
weaker metamorphic racks form valleys
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| monadnocks | isolated projections of igneous rock surrounded by an eroded plain
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| neck | inside of old volcano
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| dike | when lava fills vertically in cracks
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| chemical weathering | rocks change to softer more soluable forms
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| physical weathering | rocks are fractured and broken
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| frost action | -water seeps into joints and fractures freezes and expands
-joint block seperation crack gets bigger each time freezes
- granular disintegration, smaller scale joint block
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| talus cone | collection of scree at base of mountain
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| salt weathering | evaporation results in precipitation of salt crystals
grain by brain disintegration of rocks
creates rock shelters
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| unloading | granite batholiths are under pressure beneath surface and when exposed they unload their pressure which results in weathering by peeling of rock layers
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| exfoliation dome | created by unloading of the rock with it sheeting off by layer
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| oxidation | rust- transforming existing minerals into oxides
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| hydrolysis | transformation of existing minerals by contact with water
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| carbonation | water becomes carbonic acid and dissolves materials
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| mass wasting | downhill movement of soil, regolith, or rock under influence of gravity
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| regolith | partially weathered bed rock
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| residual regolith | forms in place
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| transported regolith | alluvium and colluvium
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| alluvium | moved by water
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| colluvium | moved by gravity
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| soil creep | extremely slow downhill movement of soil
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| earthflow slump | relatively slow downhill movement of saturated sediments
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| mudflow | rapid downhill movement of water saturated debris
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| lahars | volcanic mudflow
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| debris flood | rapid downhill movement of water saturated debris with more water than mudflow
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| landslide | rapid sliding of large masses of earth material
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| what causes landslides? | earthquakes, heavy rains, over steepening, volcanic eruptions, unstable structures
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| triggers for mass wasting | undercuting slopes by building highways, piling up debris, deforestation
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