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Biology H Final
Komorous
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| nucleotide | the portion of a prokaryotic cell where DNA is physically organized but not enclosed in a membrane |
| karyotype | preparation of an individuals metaphase chromosomes arranged by length, centromere location, and shape |
| sex linked | chromosomes that are in organisms that mate |
| homologous sructures | same alleles |
| vestigial structures | structures that no longer work or are useful |
| species | a population in one area with same structure or function |
| biomass | of an ecosystem, the combined wieight of all organisms at a trophic level |
| gene | unit of heritable information in DNA, transmissable from parents to offspring |
| adaptation | any long-term, heritable aspect of form, function, or behavior that improves an individuals chances of surviving and reproducing; outcome of natural selection and other microevolutionary processes |
| fitness | the degree of adaptation to the environment, as measured by the relative genetic contribution to future generations |
| variation | a change in alleles |
| trophic level | all organisms the same number of transfer steps away from the energy input into an ecosystem |
| energy pyramid | diagram that depicts the energy stored in the tissues of organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem. lowest tier of the pyramid, consisting of producers, is always the largest |
| hypothesis | an explanation of a phenomenon, one that has the potential to be proven false by experimental emotions |
| phylogeny | evolutionary relationships among species |
| cladogram | evolutionary tree diagram that depicts relative relatedness among groups. each branch is monopyletic; it includes only an ancestral species in which a unique trait first evolved and all of its descendants |
| transcription | first stage of protein synthesis. an RNA strand is assembled from nucleotides using a gene region in DNA as a template |
| translation | second stage of protein synthesis. at ribosomes, information encoded in an mRNA transcript guides the synthesis of a new polypeptide chain from amino acids |
| phenotype | physical traits/appearance of an individual |
| genotype | allele combination of an individual |
| immigration | moving into a population |
| emigration | moving out of a population |
| dominant | of diploid cells, an allele that can mask the phenotype of a recessive allele if paired |
| recessive | allele whose expression in heterozygotes is fully or partially masked by expression of a dominant partner allele. fully expressed only in homozygous recessive |
| natural selection | macroevolutionary process; "survival of the fittest"; when traits that will help an individual survive are chosen |
| acquired characteristics | traits that are gained throughout an organisms life |
| allele frequency | how often an allele appears in a population |
| autotrophs | an organism that makes its own food |
| heterotrophs | an organism that has to eat other organisms or their wastes or remains to gain energy |
| herbivore | an organism that only eats plants |
| omnivore | an organism that eats plants and animals |
| carnivore | an organism that only eats meat |
| primary consumer | an organism that eats a producer, not a consumer in a food chain |
| secondary consumer | a consumer that eats the primary consumer |
| anti-codon | a series of three nucleotide bases in tRNA that can base-pair with mRNA codons |
| codon | a sequence of three nucleotides in an mRNA transcript; a code for an amino acid to make proteins |
| amino acids | the building blocks of a protein |
| ribosome | where polypeptide synthesis takes place in all cells; has two sub units of rRNA and proteins |
| transpiration | loss of water through evaporation from the parts of a plant that are above ground |
| bias | an opinion or expectation |
| mutation | a change in DNA's molecular structure; source of new alleles and diversity; heritable |
| decomposers/detrivores | a prokaryote or fungus that gains energy by breaking down wastes or remains of other organisms |
| gradualism | the theory that changes in the earth happened over extended periods of time |
| non-disjunction | when sister chromatidsor homologous chromosomes don't break apart during meiosis or mitosis; the result is daughter cells don't get the right amount of chromosomes |
| autosomal | sex linked chromosome that is the same in males and females |
| punctuated equilibrium | when there was a drastic change in the earth then there was no change for a long period of time, then another huge change happened, then nothing, etc. |
| artificial selection | using techniques to make sure an organism has preferable traits |
Created by:
arianaflores
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