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ES: Ch. 6
Ch. 6
| Question or Term | Answer or Definition |
|---|---|
| Seawater covers over __?__ of the Earth's surface | 70% |
| Study of the earth's oceans | Oceanography |
| A scientist who studies the earth's oceans | Oceanographer |
| The measure of the quantity of dissolved salt in seawater | Salinity |
| TRUE/FALSE: The salinity in seawater is always constant | False |
| What salt makes up about 78% salinity in the oceans | Sodium Chloride |
| What gas is dissolved into the seawater in order for fish to survive | Oxygen |
| What gas is dissolved into the seawater for plankton and kelp to survive | Carbon Dioxide |
| Most dissolved gases enter seawater from where | Earth's Atmosphere |
| What is the natural color of seawater | Blue |
| Shallow waters in the ocean appear to be what color | Bright Blue |
| Deeper waters in the ocean appear to be what color | Dark Blue |
| Most important factor that affect the ocean's color | Sky |
| When the sea appears to be orange or red is because why | Sunrise/Sunset |
| When the sea appears to be gray or black is because why | Overcast sky |
| When the sea appears to be green or brown is because why | Abundance of plankton or minute particles of organic debris |
| As depth of the ocean increases, so the temperature of the sea __?__ | Decreases |
| The region where cold, deep waters meet warm, surface waters is known as | Thermocline |
| The region where the ocean floor crust is heated by magma spews is known as | Hydrothermal vents |
| What 2 main factors determine the density of seawater | Salinity and Temperature |
| Higher salinity means a __?__ density | Higher |
| Higher temperature means a __?__ density | Lower |
| What is the pressure from water called | Hydrostatic Pressure |
| PSI stands for | Pounds per square inch |
| Units used for measuring the pressure of water | PSI |
| Water pressure __?__ more rapidly than atmospheric pressure | Increases |
| Small flat sheets of ice located on the surface of seawaters | Sea Ice |
| Sea Ice is usually not salty because when seawater freezes __?__ is left behind | Salt |
| Huge chunks of floating glacial ice | Icebergs |
| Outer edge of a glacier that is floating on the ocean's surface | Ice Shelf |
| Large Ice Shelf about the size of France | Ross Ice Shelf |
| When the Ice Shelf breaks away from the glacial ice | Calve |
| Only the top __?__ of icebergs is visible above seawater | 10% |
| Three primary types of water movements in the oceans | Ocean Currents, Waves, and Tides |
| Large streams of ocean water that flow at or below the surface | Ocean Currents |
| Ocean currents are created by the differences in what 2 things? | Winds and Density |
| Type of current where large masses of water flowing horizontally along the top of the ocean | Surface currents |
| Movement of seawater currents are influenced by the earth's rotation which leaves a circular path | Gyre |
| Surface current responsible for Great Britain's mild climate | Gulf Stream |
| Coldest surface current that flows west from the coast of South America | Peru Current |
| Type of deep ocean current | Subsurface current |
| Subsurface current when there is a difference in salinity or temperature | Density current |
| Subsurface current usually created by a landslide that is capable of eroding the ocean floor | Turbidity current |
| When a strong land breeze moves surface water away from the coast and the cooler/deeper water moves to the surface to fill the void | Upwellings |
| Current that flows in the opposite direction of another current | Countercurrent |
| A rhythmic back-and-forth motion of water that transfers energy | Wave |
| Highest point of a wave | Crest |
| Lowest point of a wave | Trough |
| Distance from trough to crest of a wave | Height |
| Length of time between one crest to the next crest | Period |
| Most waves are created by __?__ along the surface of the water | Wind blowing |
| What 3 factors determine the size of a wave | Wind speed, Length of time the wind blows, and Expanse of open water |
| What kind of waves are created where many winds shift directions and speed frequently to produce different size waves | Choppy waves |
| White foamy crests that are produced by strong winds in the ocean | Whitecaps |
| Gentle, rolling waves that appear during calm weather but are usually formed from stormy areas to far out to see | Ocean Swells |
| TRUE/FALSE: Individual water molecules on the surface generally move the farthest when compared to deep water molecules | True |
| A wave with a white crest that breaks along the shore line | Breaker |
| When breakers wash up onto the beach in a mass of foaming water which provides a powerful agent of erosion | Surf |
| When sea water recedes from the beach in a gentle current | Undertow |
| Outflowing water that is trapped by a sandbar that is parallel to the shoreline | Longshore current |
| An opening in the sandbar, which creates a powerful narrow channel that allows large volumes of water trapped by the sandbar to exit to the ocean | Rip current |
| How do you escape a rip current | Swim parallel to shore till current weakens and then swim to shore |
| Largest known waves | Tsunamis |
| Tsunamis are formed by | Underwater disturbances (such as earthquakes, volcanic explosions, and undersea landslides) |
| TRUE/FALSE: A tsunamis waves are relatively large at sea | False |
| TWS stands for | Tsunami Warning System |
| Almost 90% of all tsunamis result from strong | Earthquakes |
| Instrument that measures sea level changes | Tide Gauges |
| Tsunami waves travel __?__ then seismic waves | Slower |
| Most regular and predictable movement of ocean waters | Tides |
| Tides are caused primarily by the | Moon's gravity |
| Period when the ocean levels are at their highest point | High Tide |
| Period when the ocean levels are at their lowest point | Low Tide |
| The Gulf of Mexico has __?__ high tide and __?__ low tide | 1/1 |
| Most coastal regions have __?__ high tide and __?__ low tide | 2/2 |
| Period when the sun, moon and earth line up | Spring Tide |
| Period when the sun and moon are at right angles to each other | Neap Tide |
| Deep depressions in the Earth's surface that contain the oceans | Ocean Basins |
| What parts make up the Continental Margin | Con. Shelf, Con. Slope, and Con. Rise |
| Sandy, gently sloping underwater plain portion of the Con. Margin | Con. Shelf |
| Where the sea floor drops away abruptly is known as __?__ portion of the Con. Margin | Con. Slope |
| Sharp drop-off at the end of the con. shelf | Shelf break |
| Thick layer of sediment that slopes gently toward deep ocean basins is the __?__ portion of the con. margin | Con. Rise |
| Large underwater fissures that cut through the continental shelf and continental slope | Submarine canyons |
| Base of the continental rise where the ocean levels out | Abyssal plain |
| Underwater volcanic mountains | Seamounts |
| A flat-topped seamount | Guyots |
| A pointed-topped seamount | Sea peaks |
| Circular, coral reef islands that grow around seamounts | Atolls |
| Shallow, salty, pool of water in the center of an atoll | Lagoon |
| Stage of atoll where coral reef begins to grow around seamount peak | Fringing Reef |
| Stage of atoll where a small island is left behind once the seamount is reabsorbed back into the ocean | Barrier Reef |
| What submerged mountain chain is found in every ocean and contains majority of earthquakes | Mid-ocean ridge |
| Most widely known underwater mountain chain | Mid-Atlantic ridge |
| Huge valley where the crust appears to be separating in the Mid-Ocean ridges | Rift |
| TRUE/FALSE: Most scientists believe that the ocean floor is slowly spreading at the mid-ocean ridge at the present rate of 3.3 inches per year | False (2.2) |
| Any area that exceeds 6,000 meters in depth | Hadal zone |
| Huge muddy valleys that cut through portions of the abyssal plains | Trenches |
| TRUE/FALSE: Hadal zones are found in trenches | True |
| Deepest known point in the sea is known as __?__ | Challenger Deep |
| Challenger Deep is located in __?__ trench | Marianas |
| First manned research submarine that explored Challenger Deep in 1960 | Trieste |
| In 1872 what shipped took a 4 year voyage around the world to map the ocean bottom, collect samples of the sea bottom, and discover marianas trench | HMS Challenger |
| What was the first surface vessel | HMS Challenger |
| Modern surface vessel that equipment and technology are kept current | Knorr |
| What surface vessel has special propellers that allows it to turn in any direction | Maria S. Merian |
| French vessel outfitted for extracting large samples of sediment | Marion Dufresne |
| FLIP stands for | Floating Instrument Platform |
| Vessel that has no engines and is able to stand horizontally and vertically | FLIP |
| Small research submarines | Submersibles |
| Submersible designed to travel farther than 3,000 feet | Bathyscaphe |
| Bathyscaphe that explored the Challenger Deep | Trieste |
| Another name for modern manned submersibles | Deep Submergence Vehicles (DSVs) |
| DSV made of titanium and can carry 3 people | Alvin |
| DSV equipped with high quality lighting and video cameras | Mir I and Mir II |
| DSV that contained 10 viewing ports, sonar and able to lift 150 pounds | Clelia |
| DSV contained a foot-pedal steering and was completely self-contained | Deep Worker |
| ROV stands for | Remotely operated vehicles |
| ROV's are __?__ and __?__ to use | Safer/simpler |
| ROV that explored the Titanic | Argo |
| ROV that contains a stealth mode | Tiburon |
| 2nd submersible to explore Challenger Deep | Kaiko |
| Submersible that was lost at sea | Kaiko |
| Capable of operating without any outside guidance or help | Autonomous |
| Undersea laboratory off the coast of France on the Continental Shelf | Conshelf I |
| Undersea lab found in the Florida Keys where NASA performs environmental tests | Aquarius |
Created by:
Mrs. Sechrist
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