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Quiz 10
Parts of Plants and Evolution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe the plant body of a liverwort | Plant body is a flat, ribbon-like, or branching structure called a thallus. Some are also scaly or leafy |
| Describe the plant body of a hornwort | Plant body is a thin rosette or ribbon-like thallus 1-5 cm in diameter. |
| Describe the plant body of a moss | Individual plants are usually composed of simple leaves usually one cell thick, attached to a stem that may be branched or unbranched |
| Describe the ecological niche of liverwort | Distributed globally in almost every available habitat, most often in humid,shadylocations. Desert and arctic species exist |
| Describe the ecological niche of hornwort | Grow in moist temperate and tropical habitats |
| Describe the ecological niche of moss | Grow in damp and shady areas. Some species are adapted to sunny, seasonally dry areas like alpine rocks or stabilized sand dunes |
| What are the three types of Pteridophytes? Describe their body types. | •Ferns- Branched stems and leaves •Horsetails- Contain a single, non-branching vascular bundle •Club-mosses- Widely branched, erect, prostrate or creeping stems, with small, simple, needle-like or scale-like leaves covering the stems/branches |
| Why were people incorrect in thinking, for a long time, that the prothallus was a “weak link” in the fern life cycle? | Gametophytes were once labeled the “weak” link” in the fern life cycle –but gametophytes can persist in severe habitats |
| Why was the development of the seed an important development for life on land? | life would not be land |
| Differentiate between the identifying characteristics of pines, spruces, and firs | |
| Definitions: gene | A unit of inheritance; a sequence of DNA that codes for a particular polypeptide chain (protein) |
| Definitions: genome | Almost all eukaryotic organisms have two copies of the genome, one from each parent |
| Definitions: allele | alternate forms of a particular gene. Ex: one gene coding for eye color in humans has two different alleles, blue or brown. |
| Definitions: mutation | any change in a gene. |
| Definitions: locus | the physical location of a gene on a chromosome |
| Definitions: phenotype | the physical appearance/expression of a given trait in an organism |
| Definitions: genotype | the genetic coding of a particular trait in an organism. |
| Definitions: evolution | Descent with modification |
| Definitions: microevolution | changes in gene frequency in a population from one generation to the next |
| Definitions: macroevolution | Descent of different species from a common ancestor over many generations |
| Definitions: species | a group of similar organisms that can interbreed in nature to produce fertile, viable offspring (biological species definition) |
| Definitions: population | all individuals of the same species living in a defined geographic area. (anything from your eyebrows to the Himalayas). |
| Definitions: gene pool | all the genes at all loci in every member of an interbreeding population. |
| Differentiate between heterozygous and heterozygous loci | •Homozygous: carrying two of the same allele at a given locus. •Heterozygous: carrying two different alleles at the same locus. |
| Differentiate between dominant and recessive alleles | •Dominant allele: one which masks the expression of another at the same locus •Recessive allele: one whose expression is masked by another at the same locus. |
| Describe 1 of the 4 mechanisms of change that can cause a population to evolve: | Mutation: A permanent alteration in the DNAsequence that makes up a gene. “The raw material of evolution” |
| Definitions: Incipient Species | A group of organisms that is aboutto become a separate species from other, related individuals |
| Definitions: Allopatry | A physical barrier begins or finishes the process of speciation |
| Definitions: fertilization failure | pollen may not germinate on the foreign stigma or the pollen tube may fail to develop. |
| Definitions: mechanical isolation | Complex floral structures favor one pollinator over another |
| Definitions: hybrid inviability | Fertilization is successful, but the hybrid offspring between two incipient species is not viable |
| Definitions: co-speciation | When two species speciatein parallel. Common in host-parasite relationships |
| Definitions: hybrid sterility | Hybrids are viable, but unable to reproduce successfully |
| What can cause speciation? | Reduction of gene flow: No specific extrinsic barrier to gene flow, but mating between segments of a continuous population are limited |
| Differentiate between pre and post-zygotic mechanisms of reproductive isolation | Pre: Do not result in a waste of the reproductive potential of the individual. Post: Can result in a loss of the genetic contribution of the individual to the next generation. |
| Describe 1 of the 4 mechanisms of change that can cause a population to evolve: | Migrationinto or out of the population can change allele frequencies |
| Describe 1 of the 4 mechanisms of change that can cause a population to evolve: | Genetic drift: variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce |
| Describe 1 of the 4 mechanisms of change that can cause a population to evolve: | Natural selection: If one allele or genotype confers a reproductive advantage over the others, evolution will occur. |
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