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Animal Nutrition T3
Animal Science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are some different classes of feedstuffs | forages, concentrates, liquid feeds |
| What are some of examples of forages? | grasses, legumes, silage/hay, crop residues(roughages) |
| What are some examples of concentrates? | energy feeds, protein feeds |
| What are nutritional concerns with forages? | cause and symptoms of fescue toxicosis; pasture bloat |
| What is the trend for U.S. Milk Production | milk production increasing |
| How many days before would you "dry" a cow | 60 days |
| When are newborn calves given colostrum? | within 6 hours of life |
| How long is a cow's gestation in a dairy herd? | 283 days |
| What is the typical growing daily gain for newborn calves? | 40-70 kg |
| For milk replacers used in pre-weaned calves, what does a 28:20 milk replacer indicate? | It indicates there is 28% protein to 20% fat on a DM basis |
| What does a 20:20 milk replacer indicate? | It indicates there is 20% protein to 20% fat on a DM basis |
| What is a calf starter as it relates to pre-weaned calves? | it contains high energy and 18-22% CP |
| When is good quality hay given to calves | after 60 days of age or after weaning |
| What is a good rule to follow when changing feed diets for post-weaned calves | whenever you are changing feed diets, keep one ingredient in the feed the same as the previous diet |
| What diet should replacement heifers be fed? | high forage diets |
| What are the requirements for dry cows (far-off)? | slow-down diet, high forage diets, small amount concentrates |
| Why is fiber in the diet good for ruminants? | it stimulates rumination and buffers pH in the rumen to prevent acidosis |
| What are the requirements for dry cows (close-up)? | transition diet should have 13-14% CP, 33-36% NDF, and <38% NFC |
| Why should legumes be avoided when feeding dry cows(close-up) | so that hypocalcemia does not occur |
| What are the nutrient requirements for lactating cows (fresh)? | low DM intake, >16% CP, 33-36% NDF, <38% NFC, and supplemental fat |
| What are the requirements for lactating cows in early lactation? | Higher DM intake than (fresh) lactation cows; ~16% CP, 28-30% NDF, and ~40% NFC, and supplemental fat |
| What are the requirements for lactating cows in late lactation? | 16% CP or less, 30-33% NDF |
| What are causes of acidosis? | low NDF, high NFC and starch, fermentability or starch, and management |
| What are signs of acidosis? | milk fat depression, manure, laminitis and hoof problems |
| What can be done to prevent acidosis? | giving physically effective fiber(stimulates chewing activity), increase dietary NDF, and buffers(sodium bicarbonate and magnesium oxide) |
| What can be done to prevent retained placenta? | giving antioxidants, such as selenium, vitamin E, and beta-carotene |
| What can be done to prevent hypocalcemia? | giving Ca supplements, stimulate Ca metabolism |
| What are sources of anionic salts? | Non-commercial products(HCl, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, ammonium chloride, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate) and commercial products |
| What does it mean if a cow is close up? | the cow is getting close to calving date |
| What does it mean if a cow is far off? | the cow is far from calving date |
| What are ways feed management is used to maximize production? | feed mixers, feed troughs |
| What must be on a feed tag? | net weight, product name and brand name, drugs, name and addresses of manufacturers or distributor |
| Guaranteed Analysis | Min % CP, equivalent protein from NPN(non-protein nitrogen), min % crude fat, max % crude fiber, and minerals |
| What 2 things determine nutrient supply? | nutrient intake(quantity of nutrients consumed), and type of feed given |
| What are factors that affect nutrient requirements? | body weight, stage of production, level of milk production, BCS, age, breed, and environment(mud, temp, wind speed) |
| How does poultry digestive tract differ from other monogastrics? | poultry have a crop(stores feed), gizzard(mechanical digestion), and proventriculus(chemical digestion) |
| How do nutrient requirements and dietary nutrient density differ by class of bird, age, and dry matter intake? | nutrient requirements differ in that as the bird matures, the requirements slightly decrease; however metabolizable energy still increases due to energy needed for maintenance; as feed intake inc, concentration dec since bigger birds consume more feed |
| How is gross energy system utilized by the poultry industry? | since chickens can't use digestible energy that well, the chicken's energy comes from metabolizable energy and net energy(since there's no excess loss from ME to net energy) |
| Primary feeds used by poultry industry | grains, oils, vitamins and minerals, byproduct meals(not produced for animal production but they're used by animal production) |
| Relative differences in feed efficiency in poultry industry | all diets are pelleted to increase feed efficiency; pellets are also crumbled so that smaller birds can eat feed; poultry have better feed conversion ratio(FCR) than livestock |
| Considerations for broiler nutrition | 4 to 7 weeks to market; 20 weeks to maturity; microflora not set until 10 days; enzyme production not maximized until 2 weeks |
| Considerations for layer nutrition | mature birds --> 18 to 110 weeks; can handle more complex diets; little growth; have very high Ca requirement for egg production(shell) |
| Considerations for turkey nutrition | faster initial growth than broilers; higher amino acid (protein) requirements; higher P and Ca requirements(Ca used in nervous syst for cell signaling and P used in ATP for energy) |
| Anti-nutritional concerns with soybean meal | soybean contains trypsin inhibitors(which inhibit trypsin) causing less egg production along with decreasing many other processes |
| What is the goal in beef nutrition? | To keep the beef herd on track |
| What feedstuffs are beef cow rations based on? | forages(pasture, corn silage, hays, crop residue) |
| How does utilization of available feedstuffs change during the year? | supplements are given to cows when forages are not growing as much and there is spring calving involved |
| How does profitability of feed delivery systems change with herd size? | TMR costs go down as the herd size grows so beef operation is more profitable |
| Body condition score | indicator of nutritional status; BCS of 5 and 6 is ideal |
| How are replacement heifers managed? | given forages, supplemental energy and protein, and minerals and vitamins free choice |
| How are feeder cattle managed? | fed to gain 0.5 - 1.5 lb/day; they go to feedlot at 600-750 lbs |
| Where is the bulk of the feedlot industry located? | Northern and South Plains |
| Considerations for different feedstuffs used | corn harvested at 25-30% moisture and stored in oxygen limiting environment; roughages are expensive to produce, there are feeding & storage losses, and little energy is gained |
| How is feedlot acidosis and pattern of feed intake related? | |
| Feed additives pros and cons | pros-->de-wormers can be administered in feed to prevent parasites and increases feed efficiency; con-->suppresses estrus |
| Antibiotics | Aureomycin, Terramycin, Tylan(tylosin) |
| Ionophores | causes cattle to consume smaller, more frequent meals, decreased variation in intake(reduced risk of bloat and reduces acute acidosis) |
| Implants | Estrogenic(increased growth hormone levels, appetite, and protein deposition);Androgenic(stimulate protein retention);help increase ADG and feed efficiency |
| How do nutrient requirements change throughout animal's life cycle? | newborns get nutrients from mother's milk; eats more drier, more varied less digestible diet after weaning; nutrient needs go down with age |
| types of feed processing | heat, mechanical, extracting, and pelleting |
| What is purpose of feed additives? | to enhance taste, appearance, texture, safety, and marketing |
| How to formulate diet | involves balancing the ration; matching chemical needs of animal with chemical content of food available |
| Who regulates feed processing? | FDA and AAFCO |
| Dog's life cycle nutrition | newborn puppies need colostrum from mother, then can get moist puppy food after 3-4 weeks, then puppies can eventually eat dry food; growing dogs need a lot of energy and protein |
| How do cats being nutritional carnivores make them different than other species? | they have a greater need for protein intake; they need more taurine(amino acid) than other animals |
| Life cycle nutrition for cats | kittens start out needing colostrum from mother; then they should be introduced to solid food mixed w/water ~4 weeks of age(kitten chow); metabolic rate inc as BW inc during female reproduction |
| Nutritional considerations for birds | don't feed fruits to birds; require high amount of protein(rapid bone growth); need a greater amount/BW of essential fatty acids |
| Special nutritional considerations of fish | since fish are ectotherms(same body temp as environment)they require less energy; require 30-40% protein in diets because of fast metabolism |
| Nutritional considerations of reptiles | reptiles can be susceptible to vitamin A deficiency; Ca and vitamin D3 deficiencies can cause metabolic bone disease; need a commercial mix w/ at least 30-40% protein |
| Swine gestation length | 114 days |
| Swine weaning age | 21 days |
| Swine slaughter age | ~5 months |
| How have volatile feed prices affected the swine industry? | has made it more costly to purchase feed because the cost of feedstuff doubled in the past decade |
| How do nutrient requirements and diet type change with the swine life cycle? | pre-weaning piglets need milk for 1-2 weeks and given creep feed(high in energy, protein, milk products),growing pigs need corn-soy diet with ~18% CP; finishing pigs need corn-soy diet with 14% CP |
Created by:
David55900
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