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Fundamentals Final
SPC Fundamentals Unit 1-10 Final Exam Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who discovered Oxygen (O2)? | Joseph Priestly |
| Who discovered Carbon Dioxide (CO2)? | Joseph Black |
| Who is the "Father of Inhalation Therapy? | Thomas Beddoes |
| Who is the professional organization of RRT? | AARC |
| Who is responsible for testing and credentialing? | NBRC |
| Who is responsible for school program accreditation? | CoARC |
| What are the 4 main service areas RRT? | 1. General Therapeutics 2. Critical Care 3. Emergency Care 4. Diagnostics |
| What are the 3 Temperature scales? | 1. Fahrenheit 2. Celsius 3. Kelvin |
| Covert K to C you do what? | K-273 |
| Covert C to K you do what? | C+273 |
| Convert C to F you do what? | (C x 1.8)+32 |
| Convert F to C you do what? | (F-32)/1.8 |
| Formula for Relative Humidity? | (Content/Capacity)x100 or (Absolute Humidity/Max. Absolute Humidity)x100 |
| Normal Barometric Pressure at Sea Level? | 1034g/cm2 or 14.7psi |
| Convert cmH2O to mmHg | cmH2O/1.36=mmHg |
| Convert mmHg to cmH2O | mmHg x 1.36=mmHg |
| Convert mmHg to psi (lbs/in2) | (mmHg/760) x 14.7=psi |
| Convert mmHg to g/cm^2 | (mmHg/760) x 1034=g/cm^2 |
| Definition of Daltons Law? | The total pressure of a gas is the sum total of the pressures of the individual gases. |
| What is the Concentration of Nitrogen (N2)? | 78.08% or .78 for calculations |
| What is the Concentration of Oxygen (O2)? | 20.95% or .2095 or .21 for calculations |
| What is the concentration of Argon (Ar)? | 0.93% or .0093 for calculations |
| What is the concentration for Carbon Dioxide (CO2)? | 0.03% or .0003 for calculations |
| What is the water vapor pressure? | 47mmHg |
| STPD at 0 degrees Celsius is what pressure? | 760mmHg or 760 Torr |
| BTPS at 37 degrees Celsius is what pressure? | 760mmHg or 760 Torr with water at 47mmHg making the total pressure at 713mmHg |
| Define Boyles Law | At a set T(Temperature), as P (Pressure) increases, V(Volume) decreases. P and V are inversely related. |
| Example of Boyles Law | P1V1=P2V2 |
| Way to remember Boyles Law is constant Temperature? | If you raise the temperature it may Boil (Boyle) |
| Define Charles Law | At a set P(Pressure), as T(temperature) increases, V(volume) increases. T and V are directly proportional. |
| Example of Charles Law | V1/T1=V2/T2 |
| Way to remember Boyles Law is constant Pressure? | Charlie Sheen loves pussy |
| Define Gay Lussacs Law | At a set V(Volume), as P(pressure) increases, T(temperature) increases. P and T are directly proportional. |
| Example of Gay Lussacs Law | P1/T1=P2/T2 |
| Way to remember Gay Lussacs Law is constant Volume? | Gays prefer a dick with volume |
| Combined Gas Law Equation | P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2 |
| T/F when using the Combined Gas Law Temperature should always be converted to Kelvin? | True |
| Grahams Law | Inversely Proportional to the square root of the Gases GMW (gram molecular weight) |
| Henrys Law | Directly proportional to partial pressure |
| What are the 3 functions of the nose? | 1. Warm 2. Filter 3. Humidify |
| What are the 3 regions of the nasal cavity? | 1. Vestibular 2. Olfactory 3. Respiratory |
| What are the 3 areas of the Vestibular Region? | 1. Alae 2. Vibrissae 3. Septum |
| What is the area or areas of the Respiratory Region? | 1. Conchae (Superior/Middle/Inferior) |
| What are the 3 areas of the Pharyngeal? | 1. Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Hypopharynx/Laryngopharynx |
| Hypopharynx is also known as? | Laryngopharynx |
| What are the 3 major cartilages of the Laryngeal? | 1. Epiglottis 2. Thyroid 3. Cricoid |
| What is the space between the vocal cords called? | Glottis |
| The trachea has how many C-shaped cartilages? | 16-20 |
| How long is the trachea? | 12cm |
| What is the diameter of the trachea? | 2-2.5cm in diameter |
| The trachea bifurcates where to the R & L bronchi? | At the Carina |
| How many lobes in the right lung? | 3 |
| How many lobes in the left lung? | 2 |
| How many bronchi in the right lung? | 10 |
| How many bronchi in the left lung? | 8 |
| How many bronchioles in both lungs? | Thousands |
| Pulmonary Lobule is also called what? | Acinus |
| List the 4 parts of respiratory unit (Acinus)? | Respiratory Bronchioles/Alveolar Ducts/Alveolar Sacs/Alveoli |
| What are the 2 pleura of the lungs? | 1. Visceral (Inner) 2. Parietal (Outer) |
| What is the major muscle for respiration? | Diaphragm or R & L hemi diaphragms |
| What are the 3 accessory muscles for Inspiration? | 1. Scalenes 2. Sternocleidomastoid 3. Pectoralis Major |
| What are the 4 accessory muscles for Expiratory? | 1. Rectus Abdominus 2. Transverse Abdominus 3. External Oblique 4. Internal Oblique |
| Minute Ventilation is expressed as what? | (VE) |
| Minute Ventilation consists of what? | VT (Tidal Volume) & f (frequency or rate) |
| What is the equation for Minute Volume (VE) | VT x f = VE |
| Deadspace is what? | Ventilation w/o Perfusion |
| Alveolar Ventilation is expressed as what? | (VA) |
| What is the equation for Alveolar Ventilation? | (VT (Tidal Volume)-VD (Deadspace)) x f (Frequency) (VT-VD) x f |
| Frequency is expressed as what? | (f) |
| Deadspace is noted with what? | Pulmonary Emboli |
| Pulmonary Shunt is what? | Perfusion w/o Ventilation |
| Pulmonary Shunt is noted with what? | Pneumonia |
| What is Apnea? | No respiration |
| What is Dyspnea? | Short of Breath (S.O.B.) |
| What is Eupnea? | Normal Breathing |
| Hyperventilation means low.... | CO2 <35mmHg |
| Hypoventilation means high... | CO2 >45mmHg |
| What is Orthopnea? | Can breath only in an upright or sitting position |
| What is Hyperpnea? | Tidal Volume > 10ml/Kg |
| What is Hypopnea? | Tidal Volume <5ml/Kg |
| What is Bradypnea? | Breathing frequency <10/min |
| What is Tachypnea? | Breathing frequency >20/min |
| What are the 3 layers of the heart? | 1. Epicardium (visceral pericardium) 2. Myocardium (muscle) 3. Endocardium (squamous epithelium lines the chambers of the blood vessels) |
| What are the 3 parts of the Pericardium? | 1. Fibrous 2. Parietal 3. Visceral |
| P wave is what? | Atrial Depolarization |
| QRS wave is what? | Ventricular Depolarization |
| T wave is what? | Ventricular Repolarization |
| What are the normal values for Arterial Blood? | 1. pH is 7.40 2. O2 is 95-100 3. CO2 is 40 4. SO2 is 97% |
| What are the normal values for Venous Blood? | 1. pH is 7.37 2. O2 is 40 3. CO2 is 46 4. SO2 75% |
| Oxygen Content is what? | The amount of O2 in 100ml of blood |
| 1 gram Hemoglobin can carry how much O2? | 1.34ml |
| What is the normal Hb (Hemoglobin) levels? | 15 grams per dl (Deciliter) |
| What is the normal O2 saturation of Hb (Hemoglobin) (SO2) | 97% |
| What is the equation for the mlO2/dL? | 1.34ml/g x 15g/dL x .97 = 19.50mlO2/dL |
| What is the solubility coefficient for O2? | .003 mlO2/dL |
| What is the Dissolved Oxygen Equation? | .003mlO2/dL x PaO2 |
| How do you find CaO2? | You add the answer for the Oxygen Content + Dissolved O2 to get CaO2 |
| What is the range for Mild Hypoxemia? | 60-80mmHg |
| What is the range for Moderate Hypoxemia? | 50-60mmHg |
| What is the range for Severe Hypoxemia? | <50mmHg |
| What is the normal range for PaO2? | 80-100mmHg |
| What are some causes of Respiratory Acidosis? | Obesisty/Kyphoscoliosis/Anesthesia/Sedative Drugs/Narcotic analgesics/COPD/Polio |
| What are some causes of Respiratory Alkalosis? | Anxiety/Fever/Stimulant Drugs/Pain/Acute Asthma/Hypobarism |
| What are some causes of Metabolic Acidosis? | Diarrhea/Diabetic ketoacidosis/Lactic acidosis/drug or chemical induced |
| What are some causes of Metabolic Alkalosis? | Severe vomiting/corticosteroids/diuretic therapy/hypochloremia/nasogastric suction |
| What is the density of O2? | 1.43g/L |
| What is the boiling point for O2? | -183 degrees C & -297 degrees F |
| 1cuft of LIQUID O2 converts to how much gaseous O2? | 860cuft |
| 1cuft of gaseous O2 converts to how many liters of O2? | 28.3L |
| How much cubic feet and liters are in the E-cylinder? | 22cuft & 623L |
| How much cubit feet and liters are in the H-cylinder? | 244cuft & 6905L |
| What does NFPA stand for? | National Fire Protection Agency |
| What does the NFPA do? | Regulates the storage and handling of cylinders, as well as central-supply gas and piping systems |
| What does DOT stand for? | Department of Transportation |
| What does the DOT do? | Regulates cylinder construction, testing, and transport |
| What does CGA stand for? | Compressed Gas Association |
| What does CGA do? | Sets all safety standards for ASSS, DISS, & PISS |
| What does FDA stand for? | Sets medical gas purity standard |
| Downstream resistance of a Bourdon Gauge causes the gauge to read what? | Inaccurately High |
| Bourdon Gauge is used in conjunction with what? | A Regulator |
| T/F Gravity effects operation of the Bourdon Gauge? | False |
| What is the duration of flow equation? | (PSI x factor)/flow Factor is .28 for E-cylinder and 3.14 for H-cylinder |
| What is the cylinder factor for E-cylinder? | .28 |
| What is the cylinder factor for H-cylinder? | 3.14 |
| How much does a bulk liquid container hold? | 20,000cuft of O2 |
| What is the temperature of a bulk liquid O2 system? | <-118.8 degrees C |
| 1lb of Liquid O2 converts to how many liters of gas? | 344L |
| Which compound is in an O2 concentrator? | Zeolite |
| What does zeolite absorb? | N2/H2O/CO2 |
| Portable O2 concentrators deliver how much FIO2 | >.30 FIO2 |
| What is the Alveolar Air Equation? | FIO2(PB-PH2O)-PaCO2/.08 |
| If FIO2 is greater than .60 you do what? | Eliminate the /0.8 |
| Absorption Atelectasis is what? | With high FIO2 >.50 may cause Nitrogen washout of Alveolar gas and Nitrogen is inert |
| ROP stands for what? | Retinopathy of Prematurity |
| ROP is most common in who? | Infants |
| What are the 3 goals of O2 Therapy? | 1. Treat Hypoxemia 2. Reduce WOB (work of breathing) 3. Reduce myocardial workload |
| What are the documented indications of Hypoxemia? | PaO2 < 60mmHg & SaO2 <90% |
| What are the suspected indications of Hypoxemia? | Acute M/I (Myocardial Infraction) & Severe Trauma |
| What are the 5 clinical manifestations of Hypoxemia? | 1. Tachycardia (rate of the heart) 2. Tachypnea (rate of breathing) 3. Cyanosis 4. Restlessness/Confusion 5. Pulmonary Hypertension |
| What is Responsive Hypoxia? | What a patient responds to O2 with a significant increase in PaO2 and FIO2. Simply due to ventilation/perfusion mismatch. High or low O2 device can be used |
| What is Refractory Hypoxia? | What the patient does not respond to O2 due to shunting. PEEP or CPAP is needed |
| What are the 4 variables of low flow devices? | 1. Respiratory Rate 2. Tidal Volume 5. Inspiratory Flow 4. Ventilatory Pattern |
| What devices are High Flow Systems? | AEM or Air Entrainment Nebulizers <.40 FIO2 |
| How to calculate the Air:O2 ratio? | (100%-%used)/(%used-20) |
| What is the Air:O2 ration for a 40% AEM? | 100-40=60 then 40-20=20 then finally 60/20 = 3:1 |
| How to calculate total flow? | Add ratio together then multiply by the given L/m Example with 8L/m (3:1=4 then 8x4=32L/m which is total flow) |
| Oxidation of the O2 Analyzer is? | Electron loss at the Anode |
| Reduction of the O2 Analyzer is? | Electron gain at the Cathode |
| Polorgraphic Analyzer is what type of O2 analyzer? | Electrochemical with 0.6 volt charge applied to anode |
| Galvanic Fuel Cell is what type of O2 analyzer? | Electrochemical with no voltage needed |
| Polorgraphic Analyzers have what color anode and cathode? | Silver Anode & Platinum Cathode |
| Galvanic Analyzers have what color anode and cathode? | Lead Anode & Gold Cathode |
| What are the response time of both Polorgraphic and Galvanic analyzers? | Polorgraphic is <30sec & Galvanic is up to 60sec |
| What is the density of Heliox 80/20? | 0.43g/L |
| What is the density of Heliox 70/30? | 0.55g/L |
| T/F Heliox mixtures diffuse faster than O2 or Air? | True |
| What law has to do with diffusion inversely proportional to square root of GMW? | Grahams Law |
| Pulse Oximeters sends what wave lengths of light? | Red and Infrared |
| What are the two principles of Pulse Oximetry? | Spectrophotometry-light absorption to quantify HbO2 & Photoplethysmography-light transmission to differentiate flow to determine pulse |
| What is the flow factor of 80/20 heliox? | 1.8 |
| What is the flow factor of 70/30 heliox? | 1.6 |
| Infrared is absorbed by what? | Oxy Hb |
| Red light is absorbed by what? | Deoxy Hb |
| Low R:IR means a high what? | SpO2 98% |
| High R:IR means a low what? | SpO2 60% |
| HbCO read what with a pulse ox? | False high SpO2 |
| What 4 reasons could read a false high on a pulse oximeter? | 1. HbCO 2. Nail Polish 3. Fluorescent light 4. Dark skin |
| The IS device provides negative or positive plural and alveolar pressure? | Negative |
| The IPPB device provides negative or positive plural and alveolar pressure? | Positive |
| The PEP device provides negative or positive plural and alveolar pressure? | Positive |
| Cardiovascular effects of IS, PEP, and IPPB devices? | 1. Decrease venous return 2. Decrease Cardiac Output 3. Increase PVR 4. Increase Intracranial Pressure |
| What is an Oscillation Device? | Rapid air vibration transmitted to the lungs in order to enhance the mobilization of secretions. |
| Oscillatory generator delivers oscillations from how many hertz? | 5-25 |
| 1 hertz equals how many cycles per min? | 1 Hz=60 cycles/min |
| Calculation for minimum Vt (Tidal Volume) If patient is 80kg? | 80 x 50 = 4000/3=1333ml |
| What relationship is Temperature as an evaporation factor? | Direct |
| What relationship is Atmospheric Pressure as an evaporation factor? | Inverse |
| What relationship is Surface Area as an evaporation factor? | Direct |
| Define Absolute Humidity | Weight of water in a gas sample. Referred to as content. |
| Define Maximum Absolute Humidity | A fully SATURATED gas sample. Referred to as capacity. |
| How to calculate Relative Humidity? | Content/Capacity x 100 or Absolute/Max. Absolute x 100 |
| What are the normal values for Room Temperature regarding humidity? | @25 degrees C the Max. Absolute Humidity is 23mg/L |
| What are the normal values for Body Temperature regarding humidity? | @37 degrees C the Max. Absolute Humidity is 44mg/L |
| What are the 5 steps of inadequate humidity? | 1. Impaired Ciliary Activity 2. Impaired Mucus Flow 3. Retained Secretions 4. Infection 5. Pneumonia |
| 3 goals of Aerosol devices? | 1. Humidify Inspired Gas 2. Deliver Medications 3. Improve Bronchial Hygiene |
| 3 hazards of Aerosol devices? | 1. Bronchospasm (asthmatics most sensitive) 2. Fluid overload (infants at risk) 3. Cross contamination |
| With ANSI standards what is the minimum of Absolute Humidity to avoid damage to the upper airway? | 10mg/L |
| With ANSI standards what is the minimum Absolute Humidity with patients on a bypass in upper airways? | 30mg/L |
| Explain a Heat Moisture Exchanger? | Captures the patients exhaled gas and uses it to warm and humidify the next inspiration. No water reservoir |
| What are the two nebulizer categories? | Pneumatic and Electric |
| What are the 5 Pneumatic Neb devices? | Jet/SVN/LVN/MDI/DPI |
| What are the 2 Electric Neb devices? | Ultrasonic/Mesh |
| SPAG is used to deliver what? | Ribavirin |
| What is the heart nebulizer used for? | Continuous Bronchodilator Therapy |
| What 5 Mediator Antagonists are Maintenance Drugs and used to treat Asthma? | 1. Intal 2. Tilade 3. Accolate 4. Zyflo 5. Singulaire |
| What are the two types of Adrenergics? | Non-catecholamines & Catecholamines |
| What are the 4 short duration <8hr Non-Catecholamines? | 1. Alupent 2. Maxair 3. Ventolin/Proventil 4. Xopemex |
| What are the 3 long duration 12hr Non-Catecholamines? | 1. Formoterol 2. Salmeterol 3. Arformoterol Tartrate |
| What are the side effects of Adrenergics? | Tachycardia/Tremors/Headache/Insomnia/Nervousness |
| What are the two anticholinergic medications? | Atrovent & Spiriva |
| What is the onset of Anticholinergics? | <5min |
| What is the duration of Anticholinergics? | 4-24hrs |
| What are the 8 steroids used to treat asthma and are maintenance drugs? | 1. Pulmicort 2. Alvesco 3. Asmanex 4. Azmacort 5. Flovent 6. Aerobid 7. Beclovent 8. Deltasone |
| What are the 3 combination medications? | 1. Advair 2. Combivent 3. Symbicort |
| What is a Proteolytic Agent? | A clone of pancreatic Dnase enzyme which digests DNA in purulent secretions. Common in treating Cystic Fibrosis |
| What is the medication used as a Proteolytic Agent? | Dornase Alpha (Pulmozyme) |
| What are the side effects of Proteolytics? | Pharyngitis/Laryngitis/Conjunctivitis |
| Pasteurization is what level of disinfectant? | Intermediate Level |
| What is the most widely used High-Level chemical disinfectant? | Glutaraldehyde |
| What are the two indicators to Autoclaving? | Thermal: Temp and exposure Biological: Sterilization |
| ETO or Ethylene Oxide is god for what? | Heat-Sensitive equipment |
| What are the indicators of ETO Ethylene Oxide? | Chemical: ETO exposure Biological: Sterilization |
| Acetic acid is what level disinfectant and what is used for? | Low-level and is for home use. |
| Critical equipment is considered what? | Anything that goes inside the body |
| Semi-Critical equipment is what? | Anything that touches a membrane surface |
| Noncritical equipment is what? | Anything that stays out of the body and touches skin only |
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