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Bio Lab Final ?s
Question | Answer |
---|---|
How is displacement calculated? | Calculate the difference between the initial and final volume measurement |
How do you measure the volume of a rock? | Displacement |
True or False: The metric system is universal | True |
Area is ___ dimensional | 2 |
Volume is ___ dimensional | 3 |
The meniscus is __________________ | curve in the surface of a liquid |
How do you calculate Celsius to Fahrenheit? | multiply by 1.8 (or 9/5) and add 32 |
How do you calculate Fahrenheit to Celsius? | subtract 32 and multiply by .5556 (or 5/9) |
What is the control variable? | The experimental element which is constant and unchanged throughout the course of the investigation |
What is the independent variable? | a variable that is manipulated to determine the value of a dependent variable |
What is the dependent variable? | The variable that is being measured in an experiment |
The "X" axis is which variable? | The independent variable |
The "Y" axis is which variable? | The dependent variable |
What and where are the "ocular lens"? | The "seeing" lens; top piece of the microscope |
What is the magnification of the ocular lens? | 10x magnification |
What does the nosepiece do? | Holds the objective lens |
True or false: the nosepiece rotates | True |
True or false: the nosepiece does NOT stop for each lens | False |
The scanning objective is the _____ - colored band lens with the _____est magnification out of all the lenses | Red; low |
What is the magnification of the scanning objective lens? | 4x |
What is the TOTAL magnification of the scanning objective lens? | 4x objective x 10x ocular = 40x magnification |
Which objective do you start with? | The scanning objective lens |
Which adjustment knob do you use to focus the SCANNING OBJECTIVE? | The coarse adjustment |
The LOW - POWER objective is the _____ - colored band lens with the ________ magnification out of all the lenses | Yellow; medium |
What is the magnification of the LOW - POWER OBJECTIVE LENS? | 10x |
What is the TOTAL magnification of the scanning LOW - POWER objective lens? | 10x low power x 10x ocular = 100x magnification |
Which adjustment knob do you use to focus the LOW - POWER OBJECTIVE? | The fine adjustment |
The HIGH - POWER objective is the _____ - colored band lens with the ________ magnification out of all the lenses | Blue; highest |
What is the magnification of the HIGH - POWER OBJECTIVE LENS? | 40x |
What is the TOTAL magnification of the scanning HIGH - POWER objective lens? | 40x high power x 10x ocular = 400x magnification |
Which adjustment knob do you use to focus the HIGH - POWER OBJECTIVE? | The fine adjustment |
What is the STAGE? | The platform on which slides are mounted for viewing |
Which knob is the COARSE adjustment knob? | The largest outer-most knob |
Which knob is the FINE adjustment knob? | The smaller knob |
____ turns of fine focus knob = one notch turn of the coarse focus knob | 10 |
What is the purpose of the IRIS DIAPHRAGM? | Controls the amount of light entering the specimen |
What is the purpose of the CONDENSER? | The condenser has a knob that moves the entire unit up and down under the stage |
True or false: Elodea is an aquatic plant | True |
Human cheek cells are what type of cells? | Epithelial cells |
You read the meniscus at ____ level | eye |
What is the function of the NUCLEUS? | contains the majority of the cell's genetic material |
The NUCLEUS is found in animal cells, plant cells or both? | Both |
What is the function of the CYTOPLASM? | It is responsible for giving a cell its shape, to fill out the cell, and keeps organelles in their place. Without cytoplasm, the cell would be deflated and materials would not be able to pass easily from one organelle to another. |
The CYTOPLASM is found in animal cells, plant cells or both? | Both |
What is the function of the PLASMA MEMBRANE? | To protect the cell from its surroundings, is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and regulates the movement of substances in and out of cells |
The PLASMA MEMBRANE is found in animal cells, plant cells or both? | Animal cells |
What is the function of the MITOCHONDRIA? | to produce the energy currency of the cell, ATP (i.e., phosphorylation of ADP), through respiration, and to regulate cellular metabolism |
The MITOCHONDRIA is found in animal cells, plant cells or both? | Both |
What is the function of the CHLOROPLAST? | Site of photosynthesis |
The CHLOROPLAST is found in animal cells, plant cells or both? | Plant cells |
What is the function of the CELL WALL? | maintains the shape of plant cells, supports and strengthens plants, resists water pressure |
The CELL WALL is found in animal cells, plant cells or both? | Plant cells |
What is the function of the CENTRAL VACUOLE? | To hold materials and wastes and to maintain the proper pressure within the plant cells to provide structure and support for the growing plant |
The CENTRAL VACUOLE is found in animal cells, plant cells or both? | Plant cells |
What is the linear equation for the Bradford Assay Standard Curve? | y=mx+b |
What does "Y" equal for the Bradford Assay Standard Curve? | Y = Absorbance |
What does "M" equal for the Bradford Assay Standard Curve? | M = Slope |
What does "X" equal for the Bradford Assay Standard Curve? | X = Concentration |
What does "B" equal for the Bradford Assay Standard Curve? | B = y - intercepts |
The Bradford Assay Standard Curve establishes a relationship between the _________________ and its _______________ | concentration of a substance; absorbance |
The Bradford Assay Standard Curve can be used to find concentration of the ______________ | unknown |
What is osmosis? | The movement of water across semi-permeable membranes |
What is a HYPERTONIC solution? | A solution that has a GREATER concentration of solutes on the OUTSIDE of a cell when compared with the inside of a cell |
Will a hypertonic cell shrink or swell up? | Shrink |
What is a HYPOTONIC solution? | A solution that has a GREATER concentration of solutes on the INSIDE of a cell when compared with the outside of a cell |
Will a hypotonic cell shrink or swell up? | Swell up |
How do you measure the rate of osmosis? | Through dialysis tubing |
What is plasmolysis? | The process in which cells lose water in a hypertonic solution |
What is hemolysis? | the rupture or destruction of red blood cells |
How does an INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE affect enzyme activity? | Increase kinetic energy and collisions; too high will denature the enzyme |
How does a DECREASE IN TEMPERATURE affect enzyme activity? | Decrease kinetic energy and collisions; too low will deactivate the enzyme |
How does a CHANGE IN PH affect enzyme activity? | disrupts an enzyme's shape and structure or DENATURES |
How does a CHANGE IN SUBSTRATE & ENZYME CONCENTRATION affect enzyme activity? | Initially will have a faster reaction,will reach a saturation point |
What are REDOX reactions? | Reactions which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another |
What is another name for REDOX reactions? | Reduction-oxidation reactions |
Oxidation is ____ of elections | loss |
Reduction is ____ of electrons | gain |
What are the goals of REDOX reactions? | To produce ATP |
What is the first step in cellular respiration? | Glycolysis |
What is the second step in cellular respiration? | Acetyl-CoA |
What is the third step in cellular respiration? | Citric Acid Cycle |
What is the fourth step in cellular respiration? | ETC |
What is the overall equation for CELLULAR RESPIRATION? | C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 + 29 ADP + 29 Pi ---> 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + 29 ATP |
What is the overall equation for GLYCOLYSIS? | C6H12O6 + 2 ATP ---> 2 C3H3O3 + 2 NADH + 4 ATP (2 Net ATP) |
What is the overall equation for Acetyl-CoA? | C3H3O3 + NAD+ + coenzyme A ---> C2H3O–CoA + NADH + CO2 |
What is the overall equation for the Citric Acid Cycle? | C2H3O–CoA + 3NAD+ + FAD + ADP + Pi + 2 H2O 3NADH + FADH2 + ATP + 2CO2 |
What is the overall equation for the Electron Transport Chain? | 10 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 25 ADP + 25 Pi + 6 O2 + 24 H+ ---> 10 NAD+ + 2 FAD + 25 ATP + 12 H2O |
What is CHEMIOSMOSIS? | the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient |
What is a terminal electron acceptor? | a compound that receives or accepts an electron during cellular respiration or photosynthesis |
What is the proton-motive force? | generated by ETC which acts as a proton pump, using the energy of electrons from an electron carrier to pump protons (hydrogen ions) out across the membrane, separating the charge across the membrane. |
What is the overall equation for photosynthesis? | Sunlight + CO2 + H2O → C6H1206 + O2 |
What are the 4 photo-pigments involved in photosynthesis? | Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, Xanthophylls, and Carotenes |
What is PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY? | The method of separating components of mixture that involves passing the mixture from a mobile phase to a stationary phase |
MorePOLAR photopigments are _________ to polar paper and remain near the ______ | Attracted; bottom |
What is Rf (retention factor) value? | the relative amount of time that a particular substance spends in the mobile phase and the |
What is the Rf value formula? | The distance traveled by the compound divided by the distance traveled by the solvent |